Твір з англійської:Importance Of the English language/Важливість англійської мови

The reasons for learning languages vary. However, everyone agrees that all languages are meant to help in communication process. In my opinion, it’s good to be born in a multi-lingual family. It means the child will grow up knowing several languages. Otherwise, it’s necessary to learn foreign languages at school, university or any other institution. 

The most widespread among foreign languages is undoubtedly English. When thinking why this old Germanic language is in such great request nowadays, I find several reasonable answers. First of all, most business fields depend on it. Secondly, it’s the accepted language of modern digital era. As reported by recent statistics, almost two billion people across the world use it regularly. It’s the prevalent language in travel and entertainment, in computer technologies, in medical and pharmaceutical fields, etc. The market for learning English is simply booming. As I see it, the most significant gate that’s open through the knowledge of this international lingua franca is the gate to career and personal growth. 

Knowing English is vital in many companies nowadays, while personal growth is connected with mastering the technological innovations. It’s worth mentioning that almost all digital novelties are launched and exploited mainly with English language instructions. That’s why employees who speak it freely are welcomed and valued.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Причини для вивчення мов різні. Однак люди сходяться на думці, що всі мови призначені для полегшення процесу комунікації. На мій погляд, народитися в багатомовної сім'ї дуже добре. Це означає, що дитина буде рости, знаючи відразу кілька мов. В іншому випадку, доведеться вивчати іноземні мови в школі, університеті або будь-якому іншому закладі.

 Найбільш поширеною серед іноземних мов, безсумнівно, є англійська.Розмірковуючи над тим, чому цей старогерманского мову сьогодні став таким затребуваним, я знаходжу кілька розумних відповідей. По-перше, більшість бізнес сфер залежать від нього. По-друге, це загальновизнаний мову сучасної цифрової епохи. Згідно з останніми статистичними даними, майже два мільярди людей у ​​всьому світі використовують його на регулярній основі. Ця мова поширений в подорожах і розвагах, в комп'ютерних технологіях, в медичних і фармацевтичних областях і т.д. Ринок вивчення англійської мови благополучно процвітає. Як мені здається, найважливіше, що стає доступним, завдяки знанню цього всесвітньо поширеного мови, це можливості кар'єри і особистісного зростання. 

В даний час знання англійської мови є важливим у багатьох компаніях, а особистісне зростання пов'язаний з освоєнням технологічних інновацій. Варто зазначити, що майже всі цифрові новинки запускаються і експлуатуються, в основному, з англійськими інструкціями. Ось чому співробітники, які досконало нею володіють, дуже цінуються. 

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Saturn / Сатурн

Much like its neighbor Jupiter, the sixth planet from the sun has a rocky core and a gaseous surface. But Saturn is chiefly known for its intricate series of rings that encircle it. The mile-thick rings are made of countless orbiting ice particles, from less than an inch to several feet in size. Up close, it's clear that Saturn has more rings than we can count. But though you can't see all of them from Earth, you can spot three of them with a good telescope.

The two outermost rings are separated by a dark band called the Cassini Division, named for the astronomer who discovered it in 1675. The Cassini division isn't empty, but it has less material in it. The middle ring is the brightest, and just inside it is a fuzzy one that can be difficult to spot.

Saturn has 18 known satellites, made mostly of ice and rock. The largest, Titan, orbits Saturn every 16 days and is visible through a good-sized amateur telescope. Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury, has a thick atmosphere that obscures its surface. Though researchers aren't sure how many moons Saturn has, the total is likely at least 20, and may be much higher.

When Galileo Galilei first studied Saturn in the early 1600s, he thought it was an object with three parts. Not knowing he was seeing a planet with rings, the stumped astronomer entered a small drawing - a symbol with one large circle and two smaller ones - in his notebook, as a noun in a sentence describing his discovery. Debate raged for more than 40 years about these "ears", until Christiaan Huygens proposed that they were rings. Giovanni Domenico Cassini later discovered a gap between the rings, which gained his name, and he also proposed that the rings were not solid objects, but rather made of small particles.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Russian space science / Російська космічна наука

On April 12 every year the Russian people celebrate Cosmonautics Day in commemoration of the first space flight in the world which was made by a Soviet citizen. Here are three main dates in the history of space exploration. October 4 in 1957 the Soviet Union launches the first sputnik in the world. April 12 in 1961 the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin goes into space and makes one orbit round the Earth in his spaceship Vostok-1. July 21 in 1969 the American astronauts Armstrong and Alidrin land on the Moon.

Since Yuri Gagarin’s flight, Russian space science and engineering have come a long way. According to space experts in the US and Europe Russian takes the lead in almost all space exploration. Russian has launched more than 2300 space vehicles designed to perform a variety of functions. Unmanned satellites have been of great significance in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space. They help us learn more about the relations between processes occurring on the sun and near the earth and study the structure of the upper atmosphere. These satellites are provided with scientific equipment for space navigation of civil aviation and ship, as well as exploration of the World Ocean, the earth’s surface and it’s natural resources.

Russia is known to carry out many orbital manned flights involving over 80 cosmonauts, many of them having flown several times. It is well known that Russian cosmonauts hold the record for the longest time in space (L. Kizim has worked 375 days) and for continuous stay in space (V. Titov and M. Manarov – 365 days). When the 170 million horse power carrier-rocket called "Energia" was successfully tested in 1987, Russian has gone far ahead of the United States in the space competition. With the new "Energia" rocket it’s possible to put into orbit a 100 ton load (one must know that the first satellite carried 83.6 kg). That is enough to put into orbit components for a space station which could be a platform for a manned flight to Mars. Russian experts believe "Energia" to be able to take explorers to the Moon or bring back to the Earth satellites that went out of operation. In principle this makes it possible to build in orbit large complexes from separate units not tens of meters but kilometers across. Cosmonauts would live there permanently. And from these structures may be flights to other planets.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:University Education / Освіта

There are 44 universities (not counting the Open University) in Britain. Although the Goverment is responsible for providing about 80 per cent of universities income it does not control their work or teaching nor does it have direct dealings with the universities.The grants are distributed by the Secretary of State for Education and Science.

The English universities are : Aston (Birmingham), Bath, Birmingham, Bradford Bristol, Brunel (London), Cambridge, City (London), Durham, East Anglia ,Essex, Exeter, Hull, Keele, Kent at Centerbury, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Oxford, Reading, Saford, Sheffield, Southhampton, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick and York. The federated University of Wales includes five university colleges, the Welsh National School of Medicine, and the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology.The Scottish universities are : Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Belfast, Glasgow, Heriot-Watt (Edinburgh), St. Andrews, Stirling, and Strathclyde (Glasgow).In Northen Ireland there is Queen"s University, Belfast, and the New University of Ulster in Coleraine.

The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries.

There are five other institutions where the work is of university standard : the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology ; the two post- graduate business school which are supported jointly by industry and the Government - the Manchester Business School and the London Graduate School of Business Studies, associated with the London School of Economics and the Imperial College of Science and Technology ; Cranfield Institute of Technology for mainly post- graduate work in aeronautics and other subjects ; and the Royal College of Art.

Cambridge.

My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions - and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the Past, the Present and even the Future. It's easy to see both how the past has moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this University town looks like and how it came to be here at all. The story of the University begins, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford. As was the custom then, they had joined themselves into a "Universitas" of Society - the word "University", like the word "College", meant originally a society of people with a common employment ; it was only later it came to be associated with scholarship.

These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at that city's well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was constant trouble between the townsfolk and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students, who were innocent, and by order of King John (who was quarrelling with the Church and knew that the death of three clergymen would annoy it) they were put to death by hanging. In protest, all the students moved elsewhere, some coming to Cambridge; and so the new University began.

There took place a new quarrel with the townsfolk, for the University was anxious to be independent of the Town, and the Town was equally anxious for authority over the new student population. "Town" and "Gown" battles were frequent.

The boarding-houses and shopkeepers cheated the students, who very soon organized themselves under an elected leader called a Chancellor, and he fixed prices that should be paid. Gradually the University gained control.

Side by side with the fight for freedom from Town rule was another for liberty from Church rule, until by 1500 the University was its own master at last. Of course there were no Colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from every - where. Those from the same part of the country tended to group together and these groups called "Nations" still exist, by the way, at some European Univer- sities.

The students were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually, the idea of the College developed and in 1284 Peterhouse the oldest College in Cambridge, was founded.

Life in College was strict ; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:The way you are taught English / Як ви вчили англійську

Nowadays a lot of people all over the world learn English as the world language. There are many ways of learning a foreign language but most people begin learning it at school.

So, what should we do to master a language.
We must learn grammar in any language. Because we can’t build a house without a foundations. But we have too many drills at school. So grammar is important, but it should not be taught in isolation.
We need to practise grammar together with vocabulary. It’s not good when we learn new words but we don’t have much practice using them with the grammar. Practice helps us to memorize the words. I remember words better if they are related to my interests and connected with my hobby.

One of the problems for learners of English is phrasal verbs and idioms. They’re very difficult. And you have to keep yourself up-to-date with them too. For example, the idiom “It’s raining cats and dogs” is so old-fashioned and the average English person doesn't use that expression.
English pronunciation is hard but English intonation is awful! I think it’s the most difficult part of pronunciation, because if you say it wrong, people think you’re rude.

It’s important to learn both formal and informal English — how to ask for information, how to be polite.
I find reading very helpful — 1 read books, newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. I try to guess the meaning of words I don’t know from their context. This helps me to read more quickly. But I also look words up in the dictionary and make a note of the most useful ones.
Listening to songs can be useful, but some songs have such silly words, though the music is lovely. Listening to the radio and watching videos and educational TV programmes in English help me, too. Especially listening to the news. I was very proud when I realized that I could easily get the idea of what I was listening to.
As I can see, learning a language isn't easy.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:The Educational System of Great Britain / Система освіти у Великобританії

The educational system of G.B. is extremely complex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalize particular types of schools as schools differ from one to the other. The department of education and science is responsible for national educational policy, but it doesn't employ teacher or prescribe curricula or text books.

Each school has it's own board of governors consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community, businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is compulsory. It is religious instruction.

Schooling for children is compulsory from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.

The state school system is usually divided into 2 stages (secondary and primary).The majority of primary schools are mixed.They are subdivided into infant schools (ages 5 to 7),and junior schools (ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities. Under the pressure of progressive parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now been abolished in most parts of the country. There are several types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provide an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high level of academic education which can lead to the university.

Technical Schools offer a general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more mechanically minded. The curriculum includes more lessons of science and mathematics. Secondary modern schools were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser attainment. The curriculum includes more practical subjects. Comprehensive schools bring about a general improvement in the system of secondary education.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Studying English grammar / Вивчення граматики англійської мови

First of all, grammar is a main component of any language in the world. Without grammar, you can't understand, for example, the time of action whether it happened in the past or in the present. So, it has a fundamental role in the language. Really, it is beyond description how much important to know the grammar for the perfect use in every skills of English Language. It’s very important to learn grammar which helps in building conversation. Tenses, prepositions, direct indirect, articles and subject verb agreement. Grammar is the platform of learning English.

I think grammar is the foundation of learning English. If you want to learn English effectively, you must learn how to use the words rightly. Therefore, people could understand what you say correctly. Language is a tool.

I think grammar is the most important part to learn in a language. Since you learn it, you get more confident to show off all your other skills. My point of view is that first you have to learn as much as you can on grammar, and then you focus in other skills to brush up on the language. Practicing all the time is the best way to succeed!

by Alexandra Degtyareva.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Studing English / Вивчаючи англійську

Generation of 90-ies is really lucky because it has new oportunities and great future. "Iron Curtain" fell down, so now young people can travel all over the world, can talk with people of the same age from different countries, can study culture of capitalistic nations. Certainly, it is impossible to do it if you don't speak foreign language. I suppose, that the most usefull language in modern world is English. It is spoken in many countries, millions of people speak English because it is their own language, millions of people study it, because it is probably impossible to make a good career in any branch if one doesn't speak English.

In Russia just few last generations realized the necessity of studying English. I think it partly dependes of computerizing of our country. Now computers are used everywhere: in banks, offices, shops, hotels etc. Certainly, no one can live without computers in present time. Also a lot of people can't imagine their life without using World Wide Web. But using Internet and computers is connected with studing English, because English is almost always used in programmes.

For example I decided to study English when I got a computer. Since that time I've been studing English at school. I had my first lessons of English in the fifth form. Those lessons interested me very much so I understood that English is what I'm really fond of.

As I remember, our teacher of English did everything to make us interested. She used toys and pictures, also we learned songs by heart.

But some months or probably a year had passed and our lessons became rather monotone and alike. Every day we read similar stories about celebration of different holidays or about heroes of revolution. The strangest thing was, that we read topics about the USSR, which already didn't exist, and even the memory about that country gone away from our minds.

I think that communication with English-speaking people is very importent and unvalued for pupils, who learn English. Opportunity of comunication with English-speaking, was a real luck for me. And I'd like to have meetings with guests from England in my own school. My parents remember: "Even in soviet time we had meetings at our schools, where we could talk to foreigners, though we lived far away from the capital". Now, when Russia is opened for the West, it is not really difficult to invite to school foreigner, isn't it? More over we live in Moscow, which is full of foreigners. I'm sure, that such a meeting could be very interesting for pupils.

Teachers of English in our school are great professionals. They speak English perfectly. Certanly, they are always ready to teach and help us, but as the matter of fact they has no opportunity to do it. For example, my group even can't use the same classroom. And we haven't got a tape-recorder and tapes. We use textbooks, which are far from being new. Is it possible to study language with old textbooks, if the language changes as the water in the river? I do not think so.

Besides, I suppose, that it is impossible to have a good pronunciation without listening to the speech of English-speaking people. The most of pupils has no opportunity for travelling abroad or talking to foreigners in their motherland. That's why it is really necessary to have a tape-recorder at the lessons.

In our school teachers,unfortunetly, have nothing exept old textbooks. It is clear that there it is a crisis in Russia, but the education is one of the most important problems. The future and the well-being of our country depend on the quality of the education of our generation. That's why I think those problems of education must be discussed and solved. Certanly it is very important, because the solving of those problems will help teachers as much as pupils.

English - is one of the most important lessons in school. If I speak English, it is easy for me to read books of English writers. Reading of originals helps to understand the ideas of the novels, stories, etc. And I also suppose that it is very exiting to find something new in our favorite characters,such as Tom Sawyer, Jane Eyre, Romeo and Juliet or Sherlock Holmes. The opportunity of communication, which English gives me is also a great thing. So I think that English will help me not only in my fiture life, but it helps me now in my school life. My good marks in some subjects partly depend on my marks in English lessons.

In my composition I discussed some questions, which interest me very much. I found some problems,but inspite of them I think I'm really lucky because it is possible in our country to get free education. And I am happy that I'm studing English. I suppose that every problem will be solved. I really think so!

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Standard English and Its Dialects / Стандартна англійська та її діалекти

Standard variety is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. A standard variety is generally used in the news, media and in literature; described in dictionaries and grammars; taught in school and taught to non-native speakers when they learn the language as a foreign language. A standard variety may contain some variation in pronunciation according to the part of the country where it is spoken, e.g. Standard British English in Scotland, Wales, Southern England. Standard English is sometimes used as a cover term for all the national standard varieties of English. These national standard varieties have differences in spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and particularly pronunciation, but there is a common core of the language. This makes it possible for educated native speakers of the various national standard varieties of English to communicate with one another. British English The British accept and enjoy the class distinctions. And these class distinctions influence people's speech greatly. The way English is spoken helps to identify not only the region that one lives in, but the class status too. Since the days of Shakespeare the English of South-East England has been considered "the standard", and by the way the South-East is the region of economic and political power. Many people in England possess so called Received Pronunciation (RP), derived from the public school system attended by the boys from rich families. RP remains the accent of the elite. There are two kinds of RP. One is "unmarked" RP, which suggests no more that the speaker is well educated. This is the dialect of the BBC. Through radio and television "unmarked" RP is becoming more and more widely spoken accent. Then there is "marked" RP, which indicates high social class and is spoken by many army officers who come from upper class families. Although spoken by less than 5% of the population, RP has great influence and social authority. Regional accents are also often spoken in Britain. Scottish, Welsh and Irish are generally the most popular regional accents. Then come Northern and West country accents and then - the least popular urban accents of London, Liverpool, Glasgow. It is interesting to notice that the television news is usually read by RP speakers, while the weather forecast following the news is often read by someone with a regional accent. The American English English in the USA differs considerably from British English. Pronunciation is the most striking difference but there are also a number of differences in vocabulary and spelling as well as slight differences in grammar. On the whole British people are exposed to a lot of American English on TV, in films, in literature and so they will usually understand most American vocabulary. Examples: British: colour, centre, practice. American: color, center, practise. But American English and British English are not too separate languages. It is one language in different variations. American English is not the only special variety of English. Each area of the English-speaking world has developed its own special characteristics, its own vocabulary and pronunciation characteristics. Australian English Australian English is particularly interesting for its reach store of highly colloquial words and expressions. Australian colloquialism often involves shortening a word. Sometimes the ending "ie" is changed into "o". Instead of "smokie" they say "smoko". Instead of "beautiful" they often say simply "beaut". Because of current popularity of Australian TV-programs and films some of these words are now being used by British people, too. Scottish English Scottish English uses a number of special dialect words. For example lake - loch; mountain - ben; church - kirk; to remember - to mind; beautiful - bonny; to live - to stay; a girl - lassie; no - ken.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Schools in England / Школи в Англії

English educational system is quite different from what we have in Russia. It is class-divided. There some state schools and some private ones.

State schools are infant, junior or secondary. British boys and girls begin to go to school at the age of 5. They draw pictures, sing songs, listen to the stories and tales. British children begin to read and write when they enter the infant schools. Young children are divided into two groups, according to their mental abilities. Children leave infant schools when they are 7. Then they go to study at junior schools where they learn to write, read and do mathematics. Their school subjects are History, English, Geography, Arithmetic, Arts, Music, Swimming and some others. When the pupils enter the junior schools they pass abilities test. According to the results of the test and thus their intellectual potential they are divided into three groups. Boys and girls spend four years studying at junior schools.

Then they pass examinations again and enter the secondary schools. There different types of secondary schools in Britain. They are: grammar schools, modern schools and comprehensive schools. English boys and girls attend secondary schools from 11 till 16. They don't go to schools on Saturdays and Sundays. In the modern schools pupils do not learn foreign languages. In grammar schools pupils receive better theoretical education. And the other school type is comprehensive schools. Almost all secondary pupils ( around 90 per cent ) go there.

There are also private schools in England. Boys and girls do not study together there. It is common that aristocracy sons go to these schools and parents pay a lot of money for their education. These schools are called public. Independent and preparatory schools are private ones too. They prepare children for public schools and take money for the training. The teachers of the private schools can pay more attention to each of the pupils personally. It is possible to enter the best English universities after leaving public schools. After finishing grammar schools pupils have good knowledge and may continue studying in colleges and universities.

English pupils wear school uniform. It is one of the oldest country's traditions. A boy's uniform includes a school cap, a tie and a blazer. A girl's uniform consists of a hat, a coat, a skirt and a blouse. The uniforms vary from school to school. Usually, they are dark.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:School of My Dream / Школа моєї мрії

My name is Daria Kuznetsova. I’m a 7th form pupil. I’d like to tell you a few words about a school of my dream. The school where I study is also quite good but I think several things could be changed there.

First of all, my dream school should be modern and well-equipped with large corridors and light classrooms. If I were a principal of school, I’d buy new chairs and tables. Also the school needs whiteboards with markers or even smart boards. They would look good in classrooms. Smart board is a new technology, which is especially useful for studying.

Secondly, I would cancel homework. It would be better if children could do all exercises during school hours and then be free. I also think that schoolchildren shouldn’t carry such heavy rucksacks. They could simply leave their textbooks and workbooks at school library, for example. My dream school should have a large playground and a swimming-pool. I love swimming and I would be happy to have swimming lessons instead of other physical exercises.

As for the dining-room, I would change the food there and would make the breaks a little longer, so that children can eat without running. I would also like to have a more spacious library with lots of interesting books and magazines. In my dream school all teachers are kind, intelligent and friendly. They are in good relationships with pupils. I would like to go to different concerts, exhibitions, picnics more often with my class.

This is the idea of my dream school and I hope that someday schools will become a better place to study.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Learning languages / Вивчення мов

The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.

Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies.

It is the major international language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism.

Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist.

It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Learning foreigner language / Навчання мови іноземцем

More and more people realize that every educated person should know a foreigner language. The most popular language now is English. English is a world language. It’s the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relation, commerce and business. It’s the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It is also the major language of diplomacy. Hundreds and hundreds of books, magazines and newspapers are printed in English and real all over the world. 75% of the world’s mail and 60% of the world’s telephone calls are in English. Half of the world’s scientific literature is written in English too.

English is spoken by more than 350 million people . It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It’s also spoken as second language speakers in many parts of Asia and Africa.

The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers. In Russia English is very popular: it is studied at schools, colleges, universities, and sometimes even at nurse schools. There are also other languages that are popular in the world. For example over 1000 million people use Chinese, the first language in the number of people who speak it, it means that out one of every five people in whole world speaks Chinese. Another popular language is Arabic, which is the official language of several Asia’s countries (Iran, Iraq, Syria, United Arab Emirates and others).

Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know languages today is absolutely necessary for everyone. I want to know foreign language because I have always been interested in foreign countries and their cultures. You know I think that who doesn’t know a foreign language, doesn’t know his own language.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:How do I Learn English / Як вивчити англійську мову

Nowadays it's very necessary to know a foreign language. Knowledge of foreign language helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people. The total number of languages in the world is from 2500 to 5000. English is spoken all over the world and very popular. There is a proverb: "Knowledge is Power." I agree with it. I study English, because I want to read English books of great writers in origin. I want to communicate with people from different countries, I v/ant to understand their culture and traditions. I like to travel. Speaking English I can travel anywhere, because more than 1 billion people speak English.

I have a pen-friend abroad. She lives in Sweden. I have much fun writing letters to my Swedish friend. How do I learn English? First of all I read a lot. There is
always an English book on my desk. I'm trying to learn few new words every day. To remember words better I put them into groups. For example: believe — believer — belief — disbe-lieve. I listen to songs in English and try to recognize the words. I have some tapes and video-tapes in English.

I like to watch different satellite TV programs in English. I like studying English.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:English nowadays / англійська в даний час

The Introduction.
There are a lot of ways of communication. We can impart information by gestures, emotions…But the main means of conversation is speech. You can connect with everybody you want and say what you want. But the problem appears if you don`t know the language of your partner.
1.World Languages.
There are about 6000 languages in the word. The languages spoken by 1 000 000 of people are called big word language. Millions of people speak English, Russian, Italian, French, Spanish, Chinese, German, Japanese, Hindi and others.
The languages spoken by few people are called dying languages. Most of them are spoken in Asia, Australia, Africa. The experts say that 3 000 languages will disappear in the next 100 years.
Languages are dying for many reasons. To begin with, natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods or hurricanes suddenly destroy small groups of people, speaking rare languages. Moreover, the weather changes and there isn`t enough food for small communities. One more reason is that strangers bring new diseases. But the real problem comes from the big languages such as English, French and others which put out rare languages. Of course, we can try to safe such language but it needs lots of time and money. The Government should record and write down dying languages, then they need to train teachers and write grammar books, dictionaries and books for school.
2. Interesting Facts about English.
In my opinion, English will never die because it is more multicultural than any other language. For centuries it has taken words from other languages, and today`s international communication means that new words are appearing every day. In fact English contains words from more than 350 other languages! E.g. `algebra` came from Arabic, `safari` from Swahili…
If you will try to image that English is a tasty dish, the recipe will be like this:
-50 grammes-----Greek
-75 grammes-----Latin
-400 grammes-----Anglo Saxon
-150 grammes-----Norse
-300 grammes-----French
-25 grammes-----other mixed languages.
Mix all the ingredients together. Cook slowly for 1000 years.
English is the main language in 30 countries, and there are about 375 million people who speak it is as their first language. It`s also used as an official language in over 70 other countries such as Cameroon, Tanzania, India, Pakistan, Malaysia and Fiji, and is a second language for about 350 million people. One in two Europeans can speak quite well and can have a proper conversation, and in the future even more Europeans will be able to speak it. All in all, there are about 1000 million people who can`t speak English, but they`re learning it!
English is the top language for travel and tourism, and is used in business and science. At the moment, 80% of the world`s Internet sites are in English. Teenagers use it to write even SMS. Moreover, nowadays it`s popular to make friends with people from other countries. But to have a conversation you have to know their language.
There are some interesting facts about English language. I wondered, how many words are there in English. And it turned out, that there are about 300 000 words in the Oxford English Dictionary. However, there are many scientific and technical words that are not included in the dictionary (for example, there are over a million types of insect). But an educated English speaker only uses about 30 000 words.
What do you think, what is the most common letter in English? The letter `e` is used more than any other. Ernest Wright was very interested in this fact, and wanted to see if it was possible to communicate without using this letter at all. He wasn`t able to write very much. In the end, he wrote a 200-page novel “Gadsby” without using any words containing the letter `e`. Unfortunately, it was not a great success, but here is a bit of it:
A glorious full moon sails across a sky without a cloud.
A crisp night air has folks turning up coat collars and
Kids hopping up and down for warmth.

Furthermore, in the Britain three types of language are allocated: conservative (it`s used in the Queen`s family and Parliament), received pronunciation (it`s language of BBC, News and other TV-programs) and advanced (it`s a language of teenagers).
2.1 Comparing English and American.
I think that there is one problem in the English language: it is – American language. I have asked some people what language does the Americans speak. 97% of polled people answered, that of course they speak English. But it was the wrong answer. English and American languages have a lot of difference.
American English
Bill Bank note
Can Tin
Candy Sweets
Cookie Sweet biscuit
Drugstore Chemist`s shop
Freeway Motorway
Two weeks Fortnight
Mail Post
Movie Film
Period Full stop
Vacation Holiday
Second floor First floor
Sidewalk Pavement
Last name Surname

Let`s compare two weeks and fortnight. Their roots are different and there is no familiar construction. The American variant consists of two elementary words, while the British consists of one word with two roots of different words.

In addition, there is a distinction in way of writing some words.
English American
Apologize Apologise
Center Centre
Defense Defence
Honor Honour
Traveler Traveller

So, you can see, that instead of writing word termination -our Americans write -or. It is a merit of Noe Webster who lived in 1758 – 1843. He introduced in the American variant the practice of way of writing –er instead of –re ; -or instead of –ous. Moreover, the Americans give one name for a group of animals, for example, they nominate all predatory birds “hawks”.
What is more, there is a large odds in the English and American grammar. In lieu of using Present Perfect they can use Past Simple. The Americans refuse from Perfect Tenses so sometimes you can hear phrase “Did you see…”. For British there is a strict mistake because you must say “Have you seen…”. Another point to be made, is that the Americans never say going to because they use the modern form gonna to. Nowadays we never say `Shall you…?` But we say `Will you…?` Besides, in many countries, like India or Africa, there are hundreds of local dialects (different ways of speaking the same language). These countries often use English as a common language, and each country creates its own words. As a result new variations of English are born. In West Africa for example, traffic jams are called `go-slows`, clothes are called `wears`, and hairdresser`s are known as `barbing saloons`.

3. The Conclusion.
In my opinion, English – is a traditional majestic language. There are a lot of secrets in it. To my mind, we should try to safe all British traditions and attempt not to use American slang.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:English is the Language of Communication / Англійська є мовою спілкування

"Do you speak English?" - with this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language. It's very good when you hear: "Yes, I do", and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other. So it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people. English is very popular now. It's the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. It's spoken all over the world. It is the official language of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia. There are more than 750 million speakers of English in the world.

Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV Programs. If you like travelling you can go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. English is very important to find a good job.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:English and Me / Англійська і я

English belongs to the Teutonic or Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of the languages. It is only in the course of the last hundred years that English has become a world language. In Shakespeare's time it was a provincial language of secondary importance with only 6 million native speakers. Nowadays English has become the world's most important language in politics and science. In a number of speakers (400 million) it is second only to Chinese. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It is also spoken as a second language by many people in India and Pakistan. The number of people knowing English as second language may soon exceed the number of native speakers, if it has not done so already. The working languages of the United nations are English and French. All documents are written only in the working languages. Today English has become the language of international communication. At present no other language on Earth is better suited to play the role of the world language. People who speak English fall into one of three groups: those who have learnt it as their native language, those who have learnt it as a second language in a society which is mainly bilingual and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose - professional or educational. Nowadays when science and technology are progressing so fast, all kinds of specialists need English in their work. I am not confident in my English. I think it doesn't sound well. But I am a good learner. I always attend my English classes and work hard.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Освіта в США / Education in the USA (2 варіант)

Education in the United States of America is compulsory for children from the age of 6 till 16 (or 18). It involves 12 years of schooling. A school year starts at the end of August or at the beginning of September and ends in late June or early July. The whole school year is divided into three terms/trimesters or four quarters. American students have winter, spring and summer holidays which last 2 or 3 weeks and 6 or 8 weeks, respectively. The length of the school year varies among the states as well as the day length. Students go to school 5 days a week.

The American education system consists of 3 basic components: elementary, secondary and higher education. There is also such a notion as preschool education. At the age of 4 or 5 children just get acquainted with the formal education in a nursery school. The preschool education programme aims to prepare children for elementary school through playing and help them to acquire the experience of association. It lasts for one year. Then they go to the first grade (or grade 1).

Elementary education starts when pupils are 6 years old. The programme of studies in the elementary school includes the following subjects: English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Natural sciences, Physical Training, Singing, Drawing, wood or metal work. The education is mostly concentrated on the basic skills (speaking, reading, writing and arithmetic). Sometimes children also learn some foreign languages, general history and such new subjects as drug and sex education. The main goal of elementary education is the general intellectual, social and physical development of a pupil from 5 to 12 or 15 years old.

Secondary education begins when children move on to high or secondary school in the ninth grade, where they continue their studies until the twelfth grade. The secondary school curriculum is built around specific subjects rather than general skills. Although there is always a number of basic subjects in the curriculum: English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies and Physical Education, the students have an opportunity to learn some elective subjects, which are not necessary for everybody. After the first two years of education they can select subjects according to their professional interests. The electives are to be connected with the students' future work or further education at university or college. Every high school has a special teacher — a guidance counselor who helps the students to choose these elective subjects. Moreover, he helps them with some social problems, too. The elective courses are different in various schools.

Members of each grade in high school have special names: students in the ninth grade are called freshmen, tenth graders are called sophomores, eleventh graders are juniors and as for twelfth graders, they are seniors.

After graduating from high schools the majority of the Americans go on studying at higher education establishments. In universities they have to study for four years to get a bachelor's degree. In order to get a master's degree they must study two years more and, besides, be engaged in a research work.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Education in the USA / Освіта в США

The American system of school education differs from the systems in other countries. There are state public schools, private elementary schools and private secondary schools. Public schools are free and private schools are fee-paying. Each state has its own system of public schools. Elementary education begins at the age of six or seven, when a child goes to the first grade (form). At the age of sixteen schoolchildren leave the elementary school and may continue their education at one of the secondary schools or high schools, as they call them. The programme of studies in the elementary school includes English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Natural Sciences and, besides, Physical Training, Singing, Drawing, Wood or Metal Work, etc. Sometimes they learn a foreign language and general history. Beside giving general education some high schools teach subjects useful to those who hope to find jobs in industry and agriculture or who want to enter colleges or universities. After graduating from secondary schools a growing number of Americans go on to higher education. The students do not take the same courses. During the first two years they follow a basic programme. It means that every student must select at least one course from each of the basic fields of study: English, Natural Sciences, Modern Languages, History or Physical Training. After the first two years every student can select subjects according to his professional interest. The National Government gives no direct financial aid to the institutions of higher education. Students must pay a tuition fee. This creates a financial hardship for some people. Many students have to work to pay their expenses. The Americans place a high value on education. That’s why Kennedy said, “Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education.”

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Education in Russia / Освіта в Росії

Citizens of Russia have the right for education which is guaranteed by the Constitution. The public educational system in our country incorporates pre-school, general school, specialized secondary and higher education.

Pre-school consists of kindergartens and creches. Children there learn reading, writing and arithmetic. But pre-school education isn't compulsory - children can get it at home.

Compulsory education is for children from 6(7) to 17 years of age.

The main link in the system of education is the general school which prepares the younger generation for life and work in modern production. There are various types of schools: general secondary schools, schools specializing in a certain subject, high schools, lyceums and so on. Tuition in most of them is free of charge, but some new types of schools are fee-paying. The term of study in a general secondary school is 11 years and consists of primary, middle and upper stages. At the middle stage of a secondary school the children learn the basic laws of nature and society at the lessons of history, algebra, literature, physics and many others.

After the 9th form pupils have to sit for examinations. Also they have a choice between entering the 10th grade of a general secondary school and enrolling in a specialized secondary or vocational school.

Persons who finish the general secondary school, receive a secondary education certificate, giving them the right to enter any higher educational establishment. Entrance examinations are held in July and August. Institutions are headed by rectors; the faculties are headed by the deans. One has to study in the institute for 5 years. Higher educational institutions train students in one or several specializations.

Повністю