Біографія на англійській: Bill Gates/Білл Гейтс

There isn’t a person in the world who doesn’t know about Bill Gates. He is the founder and co-leader of Microsoft Corporation. He is also an American business magnate, who is considered to be one of the richest people on the planet. Bill Gates was born on the 28th of October 1955, in Seattle, state Washington. His full name is William Henry Gates III. For several years he has worked as a chief executive of Microsoft, but later he became a chairman of the company. 

Apart from being one of the richest and best known people in the world, Bill Gates also wrote several interesting books and currently he works a lot on Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, specializing in charity donations. In 2010 he has even suggested the billionaires to transfer half of their state to charity. Bill Gates originally comes from a quite intelligent family. He studied in the most privileged school in Seattle, where he developed his programming skills at school computer. 

In 1973 he enrolled at Harvard University, but was expelled after two years and immediately started working on software development. And in 1975 Gates together with Paul Allen founded the company Micro-Soft, which was later named Microsoft Corporation. His software has literally changed the world. Nowadays nearly everybody uses Microsoft software on daily basis.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Не існує в світі людини, яка б не знала Білла Гейтса. Він є засновником і одним з керівників корпорації Microsoft. Він також є американським бізнес магнатом, який вважається одним з найбагатших людей на планеті. Білл Гейтс народився 28 жовтня 1955 року в Сіетлі, штат Вашингтон. Його повне ім'я Вільям Генрі Гейтс III. Протягом декількох років він працював в якості виконавчого директора Microsoft, але пізніше він став головою компанії. 

Крім того, що він один з найбагатших і відомих людей у ​​світі, Білл Гейтс також написав кілька цікавих книг і в даний час він багато працює на Фонд Білла і Мелінди Гейтс, що спеціалізується на благодійні пожертвування. У 2010 році він навіть запропонував мільярдерам передати половину свого майна на добродійність. Білл Гейтс родом з дуже інтелігентної родини. Він навчався в самій привілейованій школі в Сіетлі, де він розвивав свої навики програмування на шкільному комп'ютері. 

 1973 році він вступив до Гарвардського університету, але був виключений після двох років, і відразу, ж почав працювати над розробкою програмного забезпечення. А в 1975 році Гейтс спільно з Полом Алленом заснували компанію Micro-Soft, яка була пізніше названа Microsoft Corporation. Його програмне забезпечення в буквальному сенсі змінило світ. В даний час майже всі використовують програмне забезпечення Microsoft на щоденній основі. 

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Біографія на англійській:Yury Gagarin/Юрій Гагарін

On April 12, 1961, Yury Gagarin made history by being the first human to orbit the earth.

As a precaution, engineers at the Soviet Academy of Sciences had an onboard computer, as well as mission control steer the craft, "Vostok 1". They did this because the feared that being in the weightlessness of space, you might be disabled or not be able to move very much. He wouldn't need any food for his single orbit trip, but scientists wanted to know if he could eat in the weightlessness of space.

Before Gagarin climbed aboard the rocket, he made a speech. His speech said things such as how beautiful a moment this was, to go into space. He was glad to, "meet nature face to face, in an unprecedented encounter."

As Gagarin's rocket accelerated towards space, it reached a peak of 5 g's, meaning Gagarin felt five times heavier that his normal weight.As Gagarin passed through the lower atmosphere, the nose pointed canopy separated, exposing the "Vostok 1" capsule, allowing Gagarin to see the dark blue sky turn into a black space as he was shot into orbit, around the earth.

14 minutes after liftoff, Gagarin reported," Separation from the carrier rocket completed" Gagarin tested his food and water samples. He reported no side effects to the weightlessness. As Gagarin passed over the Atlantic, he thought of his mother and how she would react to the news of the first space flight... especially since her son was the one up there flying it. She was unaware about Gagarin being involved in space exploration until the news broke.

At about 10:15 a. m., just after Gagarin started passing over Africa, the autopilot turned "Vostok 1" around and fired the rocket, which would take Vostok 1 out of orbit. This was a very suspenseful and nervous time for Yury Gagarin and mission control, for two out of the five test flights, the rockets did not fire correctly and the flights ended in failure.

Luckily, this time, it worked correctly and Vostok 1 came out of orbit and was slowed down by 350 miles per hour. As the capsule came out of orbit, the equipment section was dropped, because it was no longer needed. Now all that was left of the 125-ft. rocket, launched just over an hour ago, was a 7 1/2-ft diameter capsule. As it fell 17,000 mph. towards earth, Gagarin experienced 10Gs, and felt like a 1,500-pound brick falling from the sky.With a flight time of about 1 hour and 48 min, Gagarin landed safely in Siberia.

Years later, Gagarin tragically died in a test plane crash.

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Біографія на англійській:Wolfgang Mozart/Вольфганг Моцарт

Wolfgang Mozart is a famous Austrian composer. Mozart was born in 1756 in Saltsburg, Austria. His father, a violinist and a composer, noticed wonderful talent of his son and taught him how to play musical instruments and to compose.

Being 4 years old Mozart played the clavier. When he was 5 or 6 years old he started composing music. At the age of 8—9 Mozart created his first symphonies, and at the age of 10—11 his first creations for musical theatre.When he was 6 years old his father decided to take him and her sister to the big cities of Europe. Two children gave concerts in Germany, Austria, France, England, Switzerland. The audience was delighted to see such a small boy playing the clavier.

When he was 14 he was invited to Italy. He could not imagine his life without music. By the age of 19 he was the author of ten major musical works.At the age of 26 he moved from his native town to Vienna.Though he didn't have a great success as a composer in Vienna, Mozart wrote many songs, serenades, symphonies. Burdens of life, poverty and disease speeded up his death. He died at the age of 35.

The real fame came to Mozart only after his death. Many people now know and like his music.

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Біографія на англійській:William Somerset Maugham/Вільям Сомерсет Моем

William Somerset Maugham is one of the best known English writers of the 20th century. He was not only a novelist, but also a one of the most successful dramatist and short-story writers.

He was born in Paris in 1874. His parents died when he was very young and the boy was brought up by his uncle, clergyman. After his parents' death the boy was taken away from the French school which he had attended, and went for his lessons daily to the apartment of the English clergyman at the church.At the age of ten the boy was sent to England to attend school. In 1890 he went abroad and studied at the University of Heidelberg from which he returned to England in 1892 and as his parents had destined him for the medical profession, he became a medical student at St. Thomas's hospital in London.His experience in treating the sick gave Maugham material for his first work "Lisa of Lambeth". After that, although he became a fully qualified doctor, Somerset decided to devote his life to literature. "I didn't want to be a doctor. I didn't want to be anything but a writer".

Soon after the publication of his first novel Maugham went to Spain and travelled widely to all parts of the world. He visited Russia, America, Africa, Asia. The technique of the short story had always interested Maugham. De Maupassant and Chekhov influenced him but he developed a form of a story that has unmistakable Maugham's flavor.

Somerset Maugham has written 24 plays, 19 novels and a large number of short stories. The most mature period of his life began in 1915, when he published one of his most popular novels.Maugham wants the readers to draw his own conclusion about the characters and events described in his novels. The most prominent works by Somerset Maugham are: "Cakes and Ale", "Theatre", and "The Razor's Edge".

Realistic portrayal of life, keen character observation, and interesting plots coupled with beautiful, expressive language, simple and lucid style, place Somerset Maugham on a level with the greatest English writers of the 20th century.

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Біографія на англійській:William Shakespeare/Вільям Шекспір

William Shakespeare is the greatest of all playwrights and poets of all times. Not much is known of his life. He was probably the son of a businessman and was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. He probably attended the local grammar school and got a classical education. In 1582 he married Anne Hathaway and had 3 children. Little is known of his life before 1592, when he appeared as a playwright in London. Soon he became an actor playing supporting roles like the ghost in "Hamlet". In 1599 Shakespeare became a part owner of the Globe Theatre in London.

Shakespeare's work as a playwright is subdivided into 3 periods. Written in the first period, Shakespeare's plays are mostly history plays like "Henry VI", and comedies with strong elements of farce. His masterpiece of this period is "Romeo and Juliet".

In the second period Shakespeare wrote a number of comedies where he moved away from farce towards romance. In the third period, after 1600, appeared his major tragedies - "Hamlet", "Othello". They presented a clear opposition of order to chaos, good to evil.

Shakespeare was a great poet and would be well known for his poetry alone. His major achievement as a poet is his sonnets, first published in 1609. A sonnet is a poem consisting of 14 lines, with a moral at the end. The sonnets are addressed to some "W.H.", and to mysterious "Dark Lady of Sonnets". The sonnets deal with the great themes of love, friendship, death, change and immortality. Shakespeare looks at his own poetry as a means of immortality. Shakespeare's sonnets are excellent. They are full of harmony and music; they praise love, friendship and beauty, though there is no sentimentality in them.

Shakespeare's poetry is at the summit of human achievement. Many centuries have passed since his death in 1616, but Shakespeare is still considered to be the greatest of all playwrights and poets.

2. Life of Shakespeare.

The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people "Our National Bard", "The Immortal Poet of Nature" and "The Great Unknown". More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories. When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon, and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare's native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshire, which is generally described as being in the middle of England.

Shakespeare's father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners.

Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering of Greek. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet. The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith.

Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he decided to go to London and begin a theatrical career. Shakespeare's major activity lays in the field of drama. He became a full shareholder in his acting company, he was co-owner of "the Globe" theatre and later of "the Blackfriars" theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford, including one of the largest houses in the town. He probably retired about 1610, travelling to London when necessary to take care of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets were written. The sonnets were probably created in the 1590 but were first published in 1609.

3. Shakespeare's works.

Shakespeare's literary work is usually divided into three periods. The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeare's comedies belong to the first period of his creative work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are: "Richard III" (1592), "The Comedy of Errors" (1592), "Romeo and Juliet" (1594), "Julius Caesar" (1599), "As You Like It" (1599), 1600 - "The Twelth Night". Shakespeare's poems are also attributed to the first period, "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucrece", and 154 sonnets. "Venus and Adonis" was the first of Shakespeare's works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeare's creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans problems. His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period: 1601 - "Hamlet", 1604 - "Othello".

Shakespeare's plays of the third period are called the "Romantic dramas". There is no tragic tension in these plays. This period lasted from 1609 till 1612. 1609 - "Cymbeline", 1610 - "The Winters Tale", 1612 - "Henry 8".

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Біографія на англійській:William Blake/Вільям Блейк

William Blake, English poet, painter and printer, was born on November 28, 1757.You may have read his poems - about the lamb, the tiger, or his sad song about the poor chimney sweep.The strange thing is that in his own time many people thought him mad. Almost a century passed after his death in 1827 before he was recognised as a truly great poet and artist.

His family background was obscure. We don't even know his mother's name. But he showed a talent for drawing early and at 14 he became apprentice to an engraver. When he was 21 he became an engraver on his own account and later married a girl called Catherine who had learnt to draw and paint so that she could work together with him.When he was young, the French Revolution took place and he supported it. In England a different sort of change was taking place, which was called "The Industrial Revolution".

Blake was horrified at the way the life was being changed, with people young and old obliged to work in "those dark satanic mills."He was particularly angered by the way the new factory owners and employers used child labour, and in many of his poems he defends the rights of childhood.From the age of thirty he worked more on his paintings, making coloured lithographs by a method he invented. His pictures are often wild and strange, with very strong dramatic colours. They expressed the very complex ideas in his poems.

His great message is freedom for each person to develop. He hated slavery, black slavery on the plantations. white slavery in the factories.

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Біографія на англійській:Vincent Van Gogh/Вінсент Ван Гог

Vincent Van Gogh was born in Holland in 1853. Before becoming a painter he was a teacher. He started painting when he was twenty-seven. In 1886 he left Holland and joined his young brother Theo, who lived in Paris. Here he painted some of his most famous pictures. After living there for two years he moved to the South of France, because the climate was warmer there.

But Van Gogh was mentally ill. During one of his fits of madness he attacked his friend, the artist Paul Gaugin. In another fit of madness, he cut off part of his own ear. Eventually he went into a mental hospital but he didn't get any better. Finally, on Sunday 27th July 1890, in the small village Vincent Van Gogh took a gun. He went into a cornfield and shot himself. Thirty-six hours later Van Gogh died in his brother's arms. His last words were: "I hope I did it properly". Nobody has ever painted cornfields or sunflowers like Van Gogh. His paintings are full of colour and sunlight. Today his paintings are worth millions of pounds but in his lifetime he only sold one.

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Біографія на англійській:Thomas More/Томас Мор

Thomas More came into great favour and made a rapid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works of political, philosophical and historical character. His most famous book is "Utopia". "Utopia" - means "no place, no there". The work is written in latin and divided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe to formulate communist principles as the basis of society.

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Біографія на англійській:Thomas Jefferson/Томас Джефферсон

Thomas Jefferson, one of the American Presidents of the past, wasborn in Virginia in 1743. When he was 14 years old, his fatherdied and the young boy was left to choose for himself what to do.Jefferson studied literature and languages. He also studied to bea lawyer, and later he wrote many of the Virginia laws. One ofthe laws for which he worked very much was a law to allow manychildren to attend schools for free. Schools in America were only for thechildren whose parents were rich. When Jefferson was still ayoung man he was one of those who wanted freedom from England.His most outstanding achievement was the Declaration of Independence, a statement of human rights andliberties. It was read to the happy people on the 4th of July,1776. Jefferson also drew up the constitution for his state,Virginia, and served as its governor. He was sent to France asthe foreign minister of the United States of America andafterwards was President's Washington secretary of state. A fewyears later he became the country's third president, serving inthis position for 2 terms. The author of the Declaration ofIndependence did another important thing for the American people.He worked out a plan for a university where the students andteachers could live and work together in a village built forthem. It was one of the first schools to teach science. Today, itis the university of Virginia. This well known man was also aself-taught architect. He introduced the simple classical designto America when he designed the Virginia State Capital Building.He also designed his own home, he remained the most influencialarchitect of his time. Thomas Jefferson did many useful thingsduring his life time and he always thought of how to helpordinary people. He was a practical and theoretical scientisttoo. Jefferson's best traditions have been kept up by Americanprograssive people in their struggle for peace and democracy.

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Біографія на англійській:Thomas Gainsborough/ Томас Гейнсборо

Thomas Gainsborough was a master of English school of painting. He was a portraitist and a landscape painter. He was born in Sudbury in 1727 and was the son of a merchant. His father sent him to London to study arts. He spent 8 years working and studying in London. There he got acquainted with the Flemish traditional school of painting. In his portraits green and blue colours predominate. He was the first British painter who painted British native countryside. He painted a wagon of hay, a poor cottage, poor peasants. His works of landscape contain much poetry and music. His best works are "Blue Boy", "The Portrait of the Duchess of Beaufort", "Sara Siddons" and others. The particular discovery of Gainsborough was the creation of a form of art in which the characters and the background form a single unity. The landscape is not kept in the background, but in most cases man and nature are fused in a single whole through the atmospheric harmony of mood. Gainsborough emphasized that the natural background for his characters should be nature itself. His works, painted in clear and transparent tones, had a considerable influence on the artists of the English school. He was in advance of his time. His art became a forerunner of the Romantic Movement.

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Біографія на англійській:Thomas Alva Edison/Томас Алва Едісо

Edison is known as one of the greatest inventors of his time. He invented so much that it is difficult to say which of his achievements is the greatest. He was an experimenter and a practical man more than a theoretician.

Edison did not have any education. He went to school only for three months. Then he left it because the teacher considered him a dull boy. His mother became his teacher. The boy loved books and his mother said that he had a wonderful memory. When he first visited a public library and saw a lot of shelves with books he decided that he would know everything in the world. He measured the shelf and decided to read a foot of books every week.

In 1868 Edison built his first patented invention - an electromagnetic device.It is said that he planned to ask three thousand dollars for his invention, though he secretly decided he would sell it for two thousand if necessary. He was invited to a meeting of businessmen who were interested in buying his invention, but when he was asked to name the price he was very nervous and quite unable to speak.

"It is no use asking us a big price", said one of the businessmen, "we have already decided how much we will pay. Forty thousand dollars is our limit".With this money Edison established a workshop and began his career as a professional inventor at the age of twenty one.

All his inventions were the result of hard work. He sometimes made thousands of experiments. According to his words the idea that a genius works only by inspiration was absurd. "Genius is 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration", he often said.

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Біографія на англійській:Theodore Dreiser/Теодор Драйзер

Theodore Dreiser is a famous American writer and publicist. He was born in 1871 in the state of Indiana. He was the 12th child in the family. His mother came from the family of Czech immigrants and his father came to America from Germany and was a factory worker. Since his early childhood the boy knew what poverty was. In 1887 he moved to Chicago where he worked in restaurants washing dishes and cleaning. For a short period of time he studied at the University of Indiana. Working at the newspaper "Chicago Daily Globe" he started to publish his first sketches and stories.

His first novel "Sister Carrie" is a story about real life. One of his elder sisters, Emma, was the main character of the novel. The story about the girl, who became an actress at a high price of losing her best human qualities was considered to be immoral by critics. The feature of American literature that struck Dreiser most of all was the contradiction between the real life and the life described in literary works. That is why Dreiser's works always depicted the life of common people, the cruelty of their existence in American society. His novel "An American Tragedy" was the sign of critical realism in the American literature of the 20th century. In his three novels "The Financier", "The Titan", and "The Stoic" Dreiser described the life of financier Cauperwood. He is not only a cruel American businessman, a person without "soul and heart", but a very tragic figure. Having an extraordinary personality, he can't fully realize himself in American society. His love of arts, his unusual talent stay deep inside him.

In 1928 Dreiser came to Russia, as he was always interested in the country and especially its literature. The works of Tolstoy and Dostoyevskyi influenced his creative work. Till nowadays Dreiser remains the largest master of realistic American literature of the 20th century.

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Біографія на англійській:The Price of Fame(Charles and Diana)/Ціна слави (Чарльза та Діанa)

Almost everybody dreams about being famous sport star or a great actor. But does everybody know how hard it is to have such kind of job?

In my opinion being famous is very difficult and people who are famous deserve all the money they earn. A star should be polite and kind because he or she is an example to be followed for many young people. Famous people work hard long hours every day and do their best for their fans. Also I think that famous people don't have private lives, they don't see their relatives and friends often. A lot of stars lose themselves and pretend a lot. They are who their fans want them to be.

It is not always easy to be famous. Even for the famous, beautiful princess like Diana, life was certainly very difficult at times.She was born on the first of July in 1961 in Norfolk, England. Her parents divorced when she was a little girl. Diana studied at a boarding school in Kent, and then in Switzerland. She was just twenty years old when she married Prince Charles, and from that moment millions of people around the world watched every move she made.

She was kind and helpful; Diana helped poor, homeless and sick people, so her nickname was "the people's princess". But Diana's life wasn't as happy as it seemed to be – she and Prince Charles had problems with their marriage and they finally divorced in 1996. Diana continued traveling round the world and helping people, photographers still followed her everywhere - even on that terrible night in Paris when Diana's young life ended. She died on the thirty-first of August in 1997. She was only 36 years old.

As for me, I agree that being famous sounds nice, but it is very hard. I guess I don't want to be really famous. Yes, famous people have everything – money, popularity and fame, but stars lose much more – their private lives and their friends.

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Біографія на англійській:Nina Karlovna Bari/Ніна Карлівна Барі

Nina Karlovna Bari is a great example of a woman who contributed to mathematics. Nina Bari provided the advancement of the theory of trigonometry. She dedicated her life to solving theory functions. Once Bari solved many questions regarding trigonometric series, she shared her findings with many students and colleagues through teaching, lecturing, and giving seminars.

On November 19, 1901, Nina Karlovna Bari was born in Moscow, Russia. She was a daughter to Doctor Karl Adolfovich and Olga Eduardovna Bari. Nothing is recorded about Nina's childhood and very little is known about her high school years. She attended a private high school for girls called L. O. Vyazemska's. When she was studying in high school she showed a great potential in mathematics. By 1918 she has passed the high school graduation examination that was usually given for high school boys. (Soublis)

Once she finished high school she attended Moscow State University. Originally, Moscow State was a university "exclusively for men." (Campbell and Grinstein) However, after the Revolution, Moscow State University became available for men and women alike. Nina Bari was the first woman to enroll in it.

During her time at Moscow State University, she was involved with a group called the "Luzitania." (Soublis) The group was named after its leader Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin. Luzin worked at Moscow State University as Professor of Pure Mathematics. Luzin's area of specialty was the foundation of mathematics and measure theory. While at Moscow State, he formed a research group, which many of the students labeled "Luzitania." The group included many impressive students that included Aleksandrov, Suslin, Menshov, Khinchin, Urysohn, Kolmogorov, and also Bari. This group mainly studied function theory because that was all Luzin preferred. While Bari was a member of the Luzitania, she discovered the uniqueness of the trigonometric series. This was the birth to her life's quest. She spent the rest of her life focused on trigonometric series. (O'Connor and Robertson)

Since Bari finished college early in 1921, she was the first woman to graduate from Moscow State University. After college, Bari went into teaching. From 1921-1925, Nina Bari taught at the Moscow Forestry Institute. Still wanting more, Bari taught at the Sverdlov Communist Institute for one year and the Moscow Polytechnic Institute for two years while maintaining her original job at Moscow Forestry Institute. A short while after, Moscow State University opened a Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. Bari kept teaching, but she also became one of the first researchers at Moscow State University. She focused on the analysis of various trigonometric series. The second year after she graduated, she presented the findings of her research to the Moscow Mathematical Society. She again was the first woman to give a presentation to the Moscow Mathematical Society. (Campbell and Grinstein pg 6-7)

Keeping with her original love for trigonometric series, Bari based her thesis topic on the theory of trigonometric series. By 1926, Bari defended her thesis, which revealed many solutions to complicated problems of the trigonometric series. From this great achievement, she received the Glavnauk Prize. "Glavnauk was the acronym for the Central Administration of Scientific, Scholarly, Artistic and Museum Institutions, 1922-1930." (Campbell and Grinstein pg7) After obtaining her Ph.D, Nina Bari traveled throughout the world attending seminars and lectures. Through many lectures, seminars, and publications of her own work, Bari created a reputation as a great mathematician. Bari was the leading mathematician in the theory of functions of a real variable and also received the degree of Doctor of the Physical-Mathematical Sciences. By 1950, Bari kept her position as a full professor at Moscow State University. However, she still gave lectures and attended some mathematical events such as the International Congress of Mathematicians in Edinburgh and presented on the state of the theory of trigonometric series at the Third All-Union Congress in Moscow. (Campbell and Grinstein pg 8)

Though her love for the theory of functions remained strong, Nina had other interests as well such as art, music, and ballet. But Bari's main interest would be her love for the sport of hiking. She enjoyed climbing in the mountains with her husband, Viktor Vladmirovich Nemytski, who shared both the love of mathematics and hiking in the mountains. (O'Connor and Robertson) Viktor, also a mathematician, was a Moscow State University graduate. He ultimately became a professor at Moscow State University too. The Caucasus, Altai, Lamir are just some of the mountains that Viktor and Nina hiked across. (Campbell and Grinstein pg 8-9)

In 1961 on July 12, Nina Bari's life ended. Her death was reported a tragic accident where she fell in front of a train in the Moscow Metro. Her former friend and colleague, P.L. Ul'yanov, wrote:

"The ultimate death of N. K. Bari is a great loss for Soviet mathematics and a great misfortune for all who know her. The image of Bari as a lively, straightforward person with an inexhaustible reserve of cheerfulness will remain forever in the hearts of all who knew her. (Campbell and Grinstein pg 9)"

Nina Karlovna Bari was a woman mathematician who lived a life full of accomplishments. She dedicated her life to the theory of trigonometric series. She has studied, analyzed, and done extensive research on trigonometric series that assisted her in solving many problems that were unanswered in the early 1900s. Not only has Nina enriched her life through the dedication for mathematics, but she has also shared with many others her breakthroughs on the theory of functions. Nina Karlovna Bari, a woman mathematician, gained much respect from all mathematicians of her time and will not easily be forgotten for her remarkable work.

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Біографія на англійській:The Beatles/Бітлз

The English rock music band The Beatles gave the 1960s its characteristic musical flavor and had a profound influence on the course of popular music, equaled by few performers. The guitarists John Winston Lennon, Oct. 9, 1940; James Paul McCartney, June 18, 1942; and George Harrison, Feb. 25, 1943; and the drummer Ringo Starr, Richard Starkey, July 7, 1940, were all born and raised in Liverpool. Lennon and McCartney had played together in a group called The Quarrymen. With Harrison, they formed their own group, The Silver Beatles, in 1959, and Starr joined them in 1962. As The Beatles, they developed a local following in Liverpool clubs, and their first recordings, "Love Me Do" (1962) and "Please Please Me" (1963), quickly made them Britain's top rock group. Their early music was influenced by the American rock singers Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley, but they infused a hackneyed musical form with freshness, vitality, and wit. The release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in 1964 marked the beginning of thephenomenon known as "Beatlemania" in the United States. The Beatles' first U.S. tour aroused a universal mob adulation. Their concerts were scenes of mass worship, and their records sold in the millions.

Their first film, the innovative A Hard Day's Night (1964), was received enthusiastically by a wide audience that included many who had never before listened to rock music. Composing their own material (Lennon and McCartney were the major creative forces),The Beatles established the precedent for other rock groups to play their own music. Experimenting with new musical forms, they produced an extraordinary variety of songs: the childishly simple "Yellow Submarine"; the bitter social commentary of "Eleanor Rigby"; parodies of earlier pop styles; new electronic sounds; and compositions that were scored for cellos, violins, trumpets, and sitars, as well as for conventional guitars and drums. Some enthusiasts cite the albums Rubber Soul (1965) and Revolver (1966) as the apex of Beatle art, although Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), perhaps the first rock album designed thematically as a single musical entity, is more generally considered their triumph. The group disbanded in 1970, after the release of their final album, Let It Be, to pursue individual careers. On Dec. 8, 1980, John Lennon was fatally shot in New York City. In 1991, Paul McCartney's classical composition Liverpool Oratorio was performed to some acclaim in Britain and the United States.

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Біографія на англійській:Taras Shevchenko/Тарас Шевченко

Taras Shevchenko is a great Ukrainian poet. He is the founder of the modern Ukrainian literary language. Shevchenko was born in the family of a serf in the village of Moryntsy in 1814. Young Taras became an orphan very early. He was a shepherd, a labourer to a priest and, when he was fourteen, his master took him into the manor house as a boy-servant — "kozachok". In 1829 Shevchenko's master moved to Vilno and then — to St Petersburg. He took his boy-servant with him, too. Still in his early childhood Shevchenko was very fond of drawing and his master decided to make a serf painter of him. For this purpose he sent Taras to study painting. The boy was so talented that several Russian artists decided to free him from slavery. 

Karl Brulov, the great Russian artist, painted a portrait of Vasiliy Zhukovsky and sold it for 2 500 roubles. With this money they bought out Shevchenko from his master. Later on the young painter continued his studies at the Petersburg Academy of Arts. Karl Brulov influenced Shevchenko greatly. Soon they became close friends. In 1838 Shevchenko wrote his first poems in Ukrainian. In 1840 he published his first book of poems which he named "Kobzar". His first poetical works are mainly examples of romanticism. The subject of many poems was unhappy love. He also wrote several poems about historical past of Ukraine. In these works he glorified the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people against their oppressors and their fight for national liberation (the long poem "Gaidamaky"). In 1843 Shevchenko returned to Ukraine. He travelled a lot about the country and learned to know the heavy life of the Ukrainian serfs. In 1846 Shevchenko joined a revolutionary organisation — Cyril and Mephodiy Society, which aimed to liberate the serfs. He wrote several revolutionary poems directed against the tsarist despotism ("Dream", 1844, "The Caucasus", 1845, and his famous "Testament"). In 1847 he was arrested and exiled as a soldier to Orsk fortress in Kazakhstan. Here, being a soldier, he wrote several novels in Russian. He also painted several of his best pictures. In 1857 Shevchenko returned from the exile to St Petersburg. Here he published several of his masterpieces in which he criticised the tsarist regime and demanded liberty for serfs. In St Petersburg he made close friends with well-known Russian writers — N. Chernyshevskyi, N. Dobrolubov, N. Nekrasov and others. In 1859, when Shevchenko went to Ukraine, he was arrested and forced to return to St Petersburg — the tsarist government was afraid of the elderly poet. On the 10th of March, Shevchenko died. His death was a great loss for Ukrainian literature and liberation movement — A. Gertsen published a big article on Shevchenko's death in his magazine "Kolokol" in London.

 Shevchenko is the favourite author of millions of Ukrainians, a real people's poet. His works are translated into many languages.

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Біографія на англійській:Steven Spielberg/Стівен Спілберг

He seems to be the all-power wizard and a cinematic magician for us. His films make us scream with laughter or shiver with horror.

The son of a computer scientist and a gifted pianist, Spielberg spent his early childhood in New Jersey and, later, in Arizona. He was eleven when he first got his dad's camera and began shooting short films about flying saucers and World War Two battles.

At the age of 13 he won a contest with his 40-minute film Escape to Nowhere. At the age of 16 he produced the movie 'Firelight' and it was shown at the local cinema.But a real success came in 1975, when Spielberg created 'Jaws'. That little fish tale became the biggest hit of its time. This movie opened up the doors for Spielberg to work on many more great projects. And he went on to shake Hollywood with 'Close Encounters', 'Raiders of the Lost Ark', 'ET', and 'Jurassic Park'.

Today, Spielberg is one of the most financially successful filmmakers ever. But his talents aren't limited to the movie set. Spielberg has also proved to be one of Hollywood's most nimble entrepreneurs. His business empire includes video games, toys and even restaurants.

But what is his source of inspiration? He draws it from his 7 children (two of them are adopted). Spielberg likes to spend time with his children. His house resembles a large playground — he keeps there 2 parrots, several snakes, and a fish tank. Ask him where he gets his ideas and he shrugs. "The process for me is mostly intuitive," he says. "There are movies I feel that I need to make, for a variety of reasons, for personal reasons, for reasons that I want to have fun, that the subject matter is cool, that I think my kids will like it."

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Біографія на англійській:Socrates/Сократ

He was a philosopher. He was 70 years old, baldheaded, with an absurd pug nose and an unkempt beard. He wore nothing but a cloak — no shoes, no shirt; no underwear. He had the merriest of dispositions, no one had ever seen him angry or unkind. He was very brave: he had served as a foot soldier in four battles. He was a philosopher. He did nothing but talk — talk to anyone who would listen to him, in the streets and marketplaces, discussing philosophy with students or sailors, or tradesmen, questioning men about what they believed in and why, always why – and how they could prove it. He met every answer with a new question, and each answer after that with another question.

Some Athenians called him a dangerous idler' who did nothing but engage "in irony and jest on mankind." The Oracle at Delphi had called him the wisest man alive, but Socrates, with his cool skepticism, said that his wisdom lay only in this: that unlike other men, he knew how great was his ignorance . He refused to accept a penny for teaching. Indeed, he was sure he could never teach anyone anything; he said he tried to teach men how to think. His enemies hated him. They said he made young minds doubt, if not mock everything, and it was undermining respect for democracy itself . How did he defend himself? "I shall not change my conduct even if I must die a hundred deaths. Death does not matter, what matters is that I should do no wrong," he said. They voted him guilty. The prosecutor demanded the death penalty. Under the law of Athens it was now for the defendant to propose an alternative. Socrates could suggest that he be exiled, but he did not. His friends wanted to smuggle him out of prison but he refused to escape. When his wife Xantippe broke into hysterics in the death cell, he sent her and his sons away. He spent his last hours discussing the problems that had always intrigued him: good and evil. His mind was never idle. When his disciples saw him drink the cup of poison with dignity they wept.

The man is gone but the "Socratic" method of questioning and teaching has always been respected since then.

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Біографія на англійській:Sergey Korolev/Сергій Корольов

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev was the Founder of Practical Cosmonautics. Academician Korolev is a famous scientist and a founder of practical cosmonautics. He was the chief constructor of the first Earth sputniks and spaceships.

Korolev was born in 1906 in the small Ukrainian town of Zhitomir into a family of teachers. He spent his childhood with his grandparents in the town of Nezhin where he studied at home with a teacher. He was interested in maths, literature and he read a great deal.In 1923 Sergey Korolev joined a Glider Pilots' Club where he learned to construct gliders and to fly them.In 1925 Korolev entered the Kiev Polytechnical Institute where he studied aviation and maths, but in the evening he had to work for money.

After two years in Kiev Korolev came to Moscow and entered the Moscow Higher Technical School. During the Great Patriotic War he constructed a jet engine for aeroplanes and rockets. The first man-made sputnik of the Earth was a result of hard work of hard work of scientist Korolev.Sergey Korolev died in 1966.

For his brilliant work in the name of science and progress he was awarded two Gold Stars of the Hero of Socialist Labour. People will always remember the names of those who opened a new era in the conquest of outer space, and the name of Korolev is one of them.

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Біографія на англійській:Rudyard Kipling/Редьярд Кіплінг

Rudyard Kipling is one of the outstanding British writers. He was born in 1865 in the family of an Englishman in India. He got his education in England but returned to India in 1882. There he spent 6 years working in colonial English press. There he published his first literary works. In 1890 he published his first novel "The Light that Failed", which brought him fame. He was one of the most popular writers of his time. During his life he visited South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. "Plain Tales from the Plain Hills", "Barrack Room Ballads", "Naulakka" enjoyed great popularity. During the years of Anglo-Boer War Kipling used to visit the English Army. His novel "Kim" was written under the impressions of the War. In October 1902 his "Just so Stories for Little Children" were published. His fairy-tales from the book were rather unusual for the British literature of that period. One can find the influence of Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" in Kipling's work. But this influence didn't prevent Kipling from creating absolutely new, unusual fairy-tales. The unusual effect of his tales is reached by the rhythm and the music of words. Those who were lucky to listen to Kipling reading his fairy-tales noted that they always sounded truthful. Besides, not only children but even adults were very fond of "Just so Stories". Together with "The Jungle Book" it still enjoys great popularity. Every year the children in "Kipling Society" write continuation to his fairy-tales. In 1907 Kipling was awarded the Nobel Prize.

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