Показ дописів із міткою Клімат і навколишнє середовище. Показати всі дописи
Показ дописів із міткою Клімат і навколишнє середовище. Показати всі дописи
There are two types of animals that we know: domestic and wild. While domestic animals live near people, wild animals can be found in the wild. Their habitats include the forests, the jungles, the deserts, the mountains, etc. Some of my favourite wild animals are bears, tigers and elephants. In my opinion, modern society treats them badly. People believe that wild animals are of no use and they simply waste our precious resources.

 I strongly disagree and I think that wild animals need to be protected and preserved as any other life on our planet. Unfortunately, they are often impacted by deliberate actions or neglect. Hunting for valuable parts of these animals is the most common problem. For example, many elephants are killed for their tusks, foxes are killed for their fur, wolves are killed for their fangs, sharks are killed for their liver oil. To think only, people can be so cruel to nature. As a result, the increasing human-wildlife conflict leads to unwanted problems. For example, sharks are natural guards of the ocean. They keep their habitat clean. So, getting rid of sharks, people destroy the underwater flora and fauna. It becomes obvious that wild animals are the part of our ecosystem. Every species is rather important to keep the balance of life on Earth. Other than that, wild animals have an aesthetic appeal. 

Some animals are such beautiful creatures, for example, the black panthers or leopards. In conclusion I’d like to add that wildlife should be preserved and well-treated if people want to avoid certain ecological problems.


ПЕРЕКЛАД

Є два різновиди відомих нам тварин: домашні і дикі. У той час як домашні тварини живуть поруч з людьми, диких тварин можна побачити на лоні дикої природи. До їхніх місць проживання відносяться ліси, джунглі, пустелі, гори і т.д. Деякі з моїх улюблених диких тварин - це ведмеді, тигри і слони. На мій погляд, сучасне суспільство погано до них відноситься. Люди вважають, що дикі тварини не приносять користі, і що вони просто витрачають наші дорогоцінні ресурси.

 Я категорично не згодна з цим і вважаю, що дикі тварини повинні бути захищені і збережені, як і будь-яка інша живність на планеті. На жаль, вони часто підпадають під вплив навмисних дій або недбалості. Однією з найбільш поширених проблем є охота за цінними частинами цих тварин. Наприклад, багатьох слонів вбивають за їх бивні, лисиць вбивають заради хутра, вовків вбивають за їх ікла, акул вбивають заради їхнього жиру. Подумати тільки, люди можуть бути такими жорстокими до природи. В результаті зростання конфлікту між людиною і дикими тваринами виникають небажані проблеми. Наприклад, акули є природними стражами океану. Вони очищають своє середовище проживання. Тому, позбавляючись від акул, люди знищують підводний флору і фауну. Стає очевидно, що дикі тварини є частиною нашої екосистеми. Кожен вид вельми важливий для підтримки балансу життя на землі. Крім того, дикі тварини мають естетичну привабливість. 

Деякі тварини настільки гарні, наприклад, чорні пантери або леопарди. На закінчення я хотіла б додати, що дику природу слід зберігати і добре до неї ставиться, якщо людина хоче уникнути певних екологічних проблем. 

Winter is a wonderful time of the year. I can even say that it’s my favourite season. Many people don’t like snow, whereas I love it. Moreover, I’m a fan of winter sports. During the winter months I go ice-skating, skiing and sledding. Ice-skating is my favourite sport. My parents took me to figure-skating classes when I was still very young. At the age of 10 or 11 I was an excellent skater. I always watch skating competitions on TV. My favourite Russian figure-skater is Evgeni Plushenko. He was a three-time World champion and seven-time European champion. 

Another reason why I love winter is the two-week holidays, of course. During these holidays I spend a lot of time with my friends and I visit my relatives. Traditionally, we make a snowman in the street. Everybody participates in this activity. I also love Christmas and New Year. It’s one of the nicest times of the year. People exchange presents and greetings, the streets and stores are richly decorated, illumination is everywhere. I have never met a person who doesn’t like New Year and Christmas days. The only disadvantage of winter, in my opinion, is a great number of icicles hanging from the roofs. They can be really dangerous. Slippery roads and streets also lead to unwanted accidents. Even though in winter it’s much colder than in spring, summer and autumn, I still think it is the most beautiful season of all. I’m always upset when the snow starts melting. Russian winters are especially nice. 

My pen-friend from England would love to see the beauty of Russian winter. So, we decided that he’ll come and visit me next January. I think he will need lots of warm clothes and a thick coat, as he isn’t used to this climate.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Зима - прекрасна пора року. Я можу навіть сказати, що це моя улюблена пора року. Багатьом людям не подобається сніг, в той час як я люблю його. Більш того, я є прихильником зимових видів спорту. У зимові місяці я катаюся на ковзанах, лижах і санках. Катання на ковзанах є моїм улюбленим видом спорту. Мої батьки віддали мене на фігурне катання, коли я була ще зовсім маленькою. У віці 10 або 11 років я вже прекрасно каталася. Я завжди дивлюся по телевізору змагання з фігурного катання. Мій улюблений російський фігурист Євген Плющенко. Він був триразовим чемпіоном світу і семиразовим чемпіоном Європи. 

Ще одна причина, по якій я люблю зиму, це, звичайно ж, двотижневі канікули. Під час цих свят я проводжу багато часу з моїми друзями і відвідую своїх родичів. Традиційно ми ліпимо сніговика на вулиці. У цьому занятті беруть участь всі. Я також люблю Різдво і Новий рік. Це один з найкращих періодів в році. Люди обмінюються подарунками і привітаннями, вулиці і магазини розкішно прикрашені, всюди ілюмінації. Я ніколи не зустрічала людини, яка б не любила новорічні та різдвяні дні. Єдиним мінусом зими, на мій погляд, є велика кількість бурульок, що звисають з дахів. Вони можуть бути дуже небезпечні. Слизькі дороги і вулиці також призводять до небажаних нещасних випадків.Навіть якщо взимку набагато холодніше, ніж навесні, влітку і восени, я все ж думаю, що це найкрасивіше пору року. Я завжди засмучуюсь, коли сніг починає танути. Російські зими особливо гарні. 

Мій друг по переписці з Англії хотів би побачити красу російської зими. Тому, ми вирішили, що він приїде провідати мене в січні наступного року. Я думаю, йому знадобиться багато теплого одягу і товсте пальто, так як такий клімат незвичний для нього. 

GMOs are organisms with changed genetic makeup. They are widely discussed nowadays, as it is still unknown whether they are healthy or not. These organisms include various microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast. They are the source of GM food. Genetically-modified organisms go through mutation of genes, their insertion or deletion. Humans have been practicing genetic modifications since they first domesticated animals and plants. In the 20th century genetic engineering has reached its peak, thanks to modern technology. 

Today, GMOs are used in medicine, research, pharmaceutical sphere, agriculture. Speaking of genetically-modified food, people show different opinions. Some say they should be banned as they are unhealthy, others state that they are safe for human consumption. Supporters of genetic engineering are convinced that GMO have the same breeding, but is much faster to derive. Besides, it promises to cure some inherited diseases. However, critics are against GMO, as its effect hasn’t been studied long enough. Some studies have shown that GM food is bad for human liver and kidney, because of antibiotics and hormones, which are given to cows and chickens. Moreover, genetic engineering might use allergens in food, which can result into allergic reactions in people. Another argument against GMO is the desire of large corporations to make money. 

They don’t care about human health, they just work on making modified fruit and vegetables to look better, which doesn’t add to its taste or freshness. Thus, the problem of GMO still remains unsolved and controversial.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

ГМО - це організми зі зміненою генетикою. Їх активно обговорюють в даний час, так як до сих пір невідомо, чи є вони корисними для здоров'я чи ні. У них входять різні мікроорганізми, такі як бактерії і дріжджі. Вони є джерелом ГМ-продуктів. Генетично - модифіковані організми проходять через мутацію генів, їх введення або виключення. Люди займалися генної модифікацією з тих пір, як вони приручили тварин і стали вирощувати рослини. У 20-му столітті генна інженерія досягла свого піку, завдяки сучасним технологіям. 

Сьогодні ГМО використовують в медицині, наукових дослідженнях, фармацевтичній сфері, сільському господарстві. Говорячи про генетично - модифіковані продукти, люди висловлюють різні думки. Деякі кажуть, що їх потрібно заборонити, оскільки вони не корисні для здоров'я, інші стверджують, що вони безпечні для споживання людиною. Прихильники генної інженерії впевнені, що ГМО відноситься до того ж поколінню продуктів, але їх набагато швидше отримувати. Крім того, можливо, що з їх допомогою лікуватимуть деякі спадкові захворювання. Проте, критики виступають проти ГМО, так як їх ефект не був достатньо вивчений. Деякі дослідження показали, що ГМ-продукти погано впливають на печінку і нирки людини, через антибіотики і гормонів, які вводять в організм корів і курок. Крім того, генна інженерія може використовувати в їжі алергени, що призведе до алергічних реакцій у людей. Інший аргумент проти ГМО - це бажання великих корпорацій заробити гроші. 

Вони не піклуються про здоров'я людини, вони просто працюють над тим, щоб модифіковані фрукти і овочі виглядали краще, але це не відбивається на їхньому смаку або свіжості. Таким чином, проблема ГМО досі залишається невирішеною і спірною. 

  • 07:50
Global warming has become a serious problem in modern world. It is referred to potential changes in climate, which can lead to the rise of global temperature. This term has been presented by scientists. They work hard trying to solve the problem. Otherwise, global warming can produce really dangerous climatic changes apart from a rise in temperature. For example, over the past 100 years the average temperature rise was about 1 degree. According to some scientists global warming is the result of the industrial revolution. If it continues, it can destroy our civilization. One of the most important reasons of global warming is the air pollution. More and more factories are being built in different countries. By burning oil, coal, gasoline, even natural gas, they add more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Cars also influence the atmosphere badly by burning many liters of oil and releasing harmful gases into the air. As a result the ozone layer of our Earth is being destroyed. All these activities unfavourably change the Earth’s heat balance. This is what we get in return: the ground becomes very dry, a lot of rivers and lakes dry up, the forests start burning, the glaciers melt, people and animals start to faint. And these are not all the outcomes of global warming. Nature becomes really angry with us. We need to become more attentive and caring to it if we want to save our planet. There are several ways to do it. At first, we should start saving natural resources, such as water, wood, land and air. It would be a good idea to recycle the things that we don’t use anymore. Cars should switch to electric refueling, while factories shouldn’t isolate carbonic gas. We should also reduce the use of different sprays and lacquer, which destroy the ozone layer. If we take these simple measures, we might save our planet.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Глобальне потепління стало серйозною проблемою в сучасному світі. Йдеться про можливі зміни клімату, які можуть привести до підвищення глобальної температури. Цей термін був представлений вченими. Вони наполегливо працюють, намагаючись вирішити цю проблему. В іншому випадку, глобальне потепління може призвести до дуже небезпечним кліматичним змінам, крім підвищення температури. Наприклад, за останні 100 років середня температура зросла приблизно на 1 градус. На думку деяких учених глобальне потепління є результатом промислової революції. Якщо так буде продовжуватися, це може знищити нашу цивілізацію. Одним з найбільш важливих причин глобального потепління є забруднення повітря. Все більше і більше заводів будуються в різних країнах. При спалюванні нафти, вугілля, бензину, навіть природного газу, вони додають більше вуглекислого газу в атмосферу. Автомобілі також погано впливають на атмосферу при спалюванні великої кількості бензину і випускаючи шкідливі гази в атмосферу. В результаті озоновий шар нашої Землі руйнується. Всі ці дії несприятливо впливають на тепловий баланс Землі. Ось, що ми отримуємо натомість: земля стає дуже сухою, багато річок і озер висихають, ліси починають загорятися, льодовики тануть, люди і тварини погано себе почувають. І це не все наслідки глобального потепління. Природа починає по-справжньому злитися на нас. Ми повинні бути більш уважними і турботливими по відношенню до неї, якщо ми хочемо зберегти нашу планету. Є кілька способів зробити це. Спочатку, ми повинні почати берегти природні ресурси, такі як вода, дерево, земля і повітря. Було б гарною ідеєю утилізувати те, що ми більше не використовуємо. Автомобілі повинні перейти на електричні заправки, в той час як заводи не повинні випускати вуглекислий газ. Ми також повинні скоротити використання різних спреїв і лаків, які руйнують озоновий шар. Якщо ми зробимо ці прості заходи, ми можемо врятувати нашу планету. 

  • 03:20
Britain was originally a land of vast forests, mainly oak and beech in the Lowlands and pine and birch in the Highlands, with great stretches of marshland and smaller areas of moors. In the course of time, much forest land was cleared and almost all Lowlands outside the industrial areas were put under cultivation. Today only about 6 per cent of the total land area remains wooded.
Extensive forests remain in eastern and northern Scotland and in south-eastern and western England. Oak, elm, ash, and beech are the commonest trees in England, while Scotland has much pine and birch. The Highlands with thin soil are largely moorland with heather and grasses. In the cultivated areas that make up most of Britain there are many wild flowers, flowering plants and grasses.
The fauna or animal life of Britain is much like that of north-western Europe, to which it was once joined. Many larger mammals such as bear, wolf have been hunted to extinction, others are now protected by law. There are many foxes. Otters are common along rivers and streams, and seals live along much of the coast. Hedgehogs, hares, rabbits, rats and mice are numerous. Deer live in some of the forests in the Highlands of Scotland and England.
Some 230 kinds of birds live in Britain, and another 200 are regular visitors, many are songbirds. The most numerous are blackbirds, sparrows and starlings. Robin Redbreast is the national bird of Britain. The number of ducks, geese and other water fowl has diminished during recent years.
There are many threats to wildlife and ecological balance around the coast. The biggest threat to the coastline is pollution. Even much-loved Blackpool is not officially safe. More than 3.500 million tons of industrial waste is pumped into the North Sea every year. "We cannot continue to use our seas as a dustbin and expect our coastline to survive," says Greenpeace. Many other ecological problems may be caused by privatization of the coast. Many of the rivers are ''biologically dead'', i.e. unable to support fish and wildlife.

Water pollution is one of the famous and one of the largest problems in our world. People in Africa cannot drink clean water; their children die because a big part of our water has been polluted. Children in Kenya often have to go many kilometers to collect drinking water. At all over 2 million people don't have clean water. And we do not know how it will be in future.
But the pollute water killed animals and plants too. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. "Nuclear-poisoned" fish can be eaten by people.
Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles cannot live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water.
But we MUST keep our planet and water of our planet clean. If we want to live, we should guard our clean water and do not pollute them because we could live without food about a month but without water we could die in 4-5 days. Let's keep our water clean!

There are five climatic zones on this planet: the equatorial climate zone, the tropical climate zone, the temperate climatic zone, Arctic and Antarctic climate belts.
Our country is in the temperate climatic zone. Average temperature is 12-13 degrees above zero (Celsius) here.
The weather is the thing we always talk about. In Great Britain if people don't know what talk about they talk about the weather. It often changes and brings cold and misty, sunshine and rain, frost and snow.
In summer the sun shines, often there is no wind and there are no clouds in the sky which is blue and beautiful. We can see stars and the moon at night and people like walks, outdoor games and sports in the fresh air. It's usually 18-20 degrees above zero (Celsius).
When autumn comes, the days become shorter and colder. It gets dark earlier and often heavy clouds cover the sky bringing rain with them. Sometimes there is heavy rain, so that an umbrella or a raincoat is necessary if we don't want to get wet through. Then you can hear people say, "What bad weather! When is this rain going to stop?" Many people then catch cold and must go to bed. Then a fire at home is so pleasant. And in autumn the temperate is usually 5-15 above zero degrees (Celsius).
At last frost and snow come. Fields, forests and houses are covered with snow and rivers and lakes with ice. In winter people enjoy skiing, skating and sledging. Children like to play snowballs. The temperate is usually 5-20 below zero degrees (Celsius).
But spring again brings sunshine and warm winds. Sometimes it snows but snow will not remain long, it will melt in the warm sun." Spring will bring bright sunshine, green grass and flowers. The temperate is usually 13-14 above zero degrees (Celsius).
But the weather is very different, and we can know about tomorrow weather from weather forecasts.
We get wet through when we are caught in a rainstorm without a coat. Sometimes we put on a sweater and then find that the weather has become hot. We do not always know what weather to expect.
On TV and radio there are daily weather forecasts. Sometimes, the forecast is not quite right as the weather is not an easy thing to forecast.
All day and night, weathermen are collecting information from ships, planes, weather stations, and space stations. With the help of this information, they can understand what the weather will be like during the next few days. As a result of the weathermen's work we learn about the weather.
Although no two days will have exactly the same weather, some types of weather people can forecast. When a barometer shows high pressure, the weather will be calm. In winter it will be cold and frosty. In summer it usually means misty mornings and hot sunny days. When the barometer shows low pressure, look out for rain and strong winds.
People invented many proverbs and sayings about weather. This is some of them: When the wind is west the weather is always best. When the wind's in the south, the rain's in its mouth.
If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes.
A lot of professions are depend of weather. For example: vet, farmer and others.
So we cannot live without weather, because practically all of our plans depend of weather. But without it our life will be very-very bored and routine.

  • 03:19
Englishmen say "There is no bad weather, there are bad clothes", it means that they like all the seasons, all kinds of weather. Every season is good in its own way. Each person likes this or that season. It depends on his character, mood. They say that Pushkin liked autumn very much. This season is full of colours, bright and tasty. The sky is blue, but sometimes grey clouds appear. The sun shines but it begins to hide behind the clouds. Its rays are not so warm. Autumn is full of vegetables and fruit, mushrooms and berries. There is nothing like Indian summer in autumn. As for me, I like to walk on the carpet of bright leaves listen to the last songs of birds flying to warm countries, look at the nature. It is like a fairy-tale. It fades away and nothing can be done. Soon drizzling rains will begin and everything will be dull and sad. But still I like autumn. Winter in Usinsk is long and severe with dark nights, bitter wings and hard frosts. Even sometimes you can see a quiet winter frosty day. It is snowing. Fluffy soft snowflakes are falling to the ground making a beautiful thick carpet. The icecles glitter in the sun the snow sparkles like diamond. Going outdoors in such weather is pleasant. Many people go to the forests and enjoy sledging and skiing, playing snowballs and making a snowman. As for spring, people in Usinsk long for it and dream about it during long winter days. It comes late but suddenly. I don't like it because my town becomes grey. But spring is the beginning of new life. Nature awakens from its long winter sleep. The trees begin to bud and soon tiny green leaves will appear. Young green grass appear, fruit trees begin to blossom. Everything looks magic covered with green carpet. Nature looks full of promise. I like summer because we have holiday and enjoy resting after school year. In my opinion every season is beautiful and attractive.

  • 03:18
Funny weather we are having' is a statment of the obvious wehave used for generations as a greeting. When the deep cold lastslong and heavy snow and blizzards give us the shivers we replace"funny" with something stronger, such as "terrible", "ghastly".At times like these people ask what is happening to the weather.So we go to the experts, who tells us, in language appropriate tothe subject, what happened yesterday, what is happening today,and what might happen in the next few years. Weather and climatespecialists all over the world have ammassed a vast quantity ofinformation. They can describe what is happening around us. Withsatellites they can forecast more accurately what might happen inthe immediate future. Their research has produced evidence of whypast climatic changes took place.
There have been many climate fluctuations over the 10,000years since Britain was last covered with an ice sheet. Advancesand retreats of ice in the northern hemisphere during the past500,000 years can be accounted for by changes in the warmth fromthe Sun.
This was caused by alterations in the Earth's orbit atperiods of 96,000, 40,000 and 20,000 years.
Although that theory is widley accepted as a possibleexplanations for ice ages, it has not been proved. More than 50theories have been put forward, but only a few have not beencompletely dismissed.
Not long ago a new theory was published in the sciencejournal "Nature". According to Dr. Garry Hunt, of UniversityCollege, intense radiations from the nuclear explosion of anearby supernova - a star - could cause the destruction of partor all of the ozone layer and in this way trigger an ice age.
As for me, i like autumn best of all. The days becomeshorter and the nights longer. It isn't so hot in the day-time.The trees are covered with yellow and red leaves. At the end ofsummer apples, pears, plums and other fruit become ripe. In theSouth there are many oranges, peaches and tangerines. Autumn isplesant when it does not rain. General autumn is a rainy seasonof the year. When it rains the weather is nasty. The sky iscovered with heavy clouds. It drizzles. It is muddy and wet.

  • 03:17
It's a universal truth that every season is beautiful in its own way. Isn't it wonderful to tramp down the country lanes on a frosty winter day? Everything is white with snow and it crunches under your feet. The rime sparkles on the branches and the icicles like precious diamonds hang from the roofs of the houses. It's a merry time for both children and grownups. They can go skating and skiing, sledging and having a fight with snowballs or making a snowman. I suppose, it is very pleasant while the frost lasts, an unpleasant time comes when the thaw begins.
Cars and buses go along streets splashing the mud an slush on the passers-by. Everyone is grumbling and scolding the weather. But soon a warm wind blows up heavy grey clouds and the sun shines brightly in the cloudless azure sky. In a few months summer will come.
Summer is the most suitable season for holidays and vacations. People enjoy bright summer days if they are in the country or at the seaside. They go bathing and swimming, and fishing and boating. But it's unbearable to stay in town on such hot and glaring days. Everybody droops and shambles and tries to hide in the shade.Then after a good rest autumn and harvest time comes. The corn has turned golden and the farmer will reap it and put it in his barn. The air is fresh and full of the autumn fragrance of ripe apples, plums and peaches and of course, coloured asters, chrysanthemums. But the weather is so changeable in autumn, people have to wear raincoats and umbrellas if they don't want to get wet through. The dead leaves cover the ground like a thick motley carpet, the roads are slippery and wet, there are lots of puddles in the streets and again everyone is looking forward to frosty winter days and much snow out-of-doors.
It's rather difficult to say what season is the best one, however dull and nasty or charming and marvelous the weather may be.
As to me, I always look forward to summer. I am never tired of its long sunny days, warm rains with thunderstorms and hail, the buzz of mosquitoes and midges. I like to spend my summer holidays at the seaside.
In my childhood I used to enjoy playing on the beach, making castles and forts in the sands. When one becomes older one begins to notice the murmur of the sea and it's so beautiful to look at the moon's way on the water in the darkness. The air is fresh and it's easy to breathe. I like to lie in the sun getting as brown, paddle in the water or get splashed by the waves. But it's not every year that you can go to the seaside. Sometimes I spend my holidays in the country. Most of my time I spend in the woods gathering strawberries and flowers or at the river bathing and swimming in it. Very often, I help my granny in the vegetable garden weeding it or gathering tomatoes, cucumbers or radish. I like to walk in the rain or just sit indoors watching the raindrops falling down from the green leaves and blades of the grass onto the ground. When summer is over, I always feel sorry, because it was too short and was too quick to pass.

  • 03:16
The world environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in towns, other in the country. There are a lot of ecological problems.. The most serious ecological problems are: noise from cars and buses; destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty; shortage of natural resources; the growth of population; pollution in its many forms For example water pollution: water is everywhere, but there is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can t live in them. People can't drink this water. So we have to clean the water environment. But it is not the only problem with pollution. Another problem is air pollution. Air pollution influents the health of people. There are a lot of dangerous. For example: ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution. Also we have problem with nuclear pollution. Nuclear pollution cannot be seen but its effect can be terrible. To make air clear clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, in cars and buses. Another problem is growth of population. They don t have enough places to live. They need more water, more food. So it is the reason of the shortage of the natural resources. It is very difficult to solve this problem. Also one of the most serious problems is green house effect. It works like this: sunlight gives us heat. Some of the heat warms the atmosphere and some of the heat goes back into space. Nowadays the heat can t go into space. That s why winter and summer temperatures in many places have become higher. If the temperature continue growing up the snow on the mountains and ice will melt, so the most of the earth will be under water. So every person has to understand how important it is to solve this problems, that endanger people s life. For example I try not to throw out in our city.

  • 03:15
Climate is the weather a certain place has over a long period of time. Climate has a very important influence on plants, animals and humans and is different in different parts of the world. Some scientists think that the world is becomming hotter. If you compare Moscow winter and summer temperatures at the beginning of our century and at its end you will see that climate has really changed. Winters have become warmer. Sometimes there is little snow in January, and there were winters when it rained on the New Year's Eve. Many people say that it is so because of the greenhouse effect. During the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This gas in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesn't let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer. Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burn big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide! As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet, which needs protection. Earth is millions of years old, much older than the humans. We know many of its secrets. Yet there is still much to learn.

  • 03:14
There are many animals in Australia that you cannot see anywhere else, and talking of the animals, we should mention kangaroos in the first place. There are many different types of kangaroo. The biggest are the great grey kangaroos. They are 213 centimetres tall and can run at 56 kilometres per hour. Some run from you then stop and stare.
Wombats and koalas have many similarities and are probably related. The number of koalas is getting smaller. This is partly because of fumes from bush fires. Rescue teams help the koalas by catching them, putting them on respirators, then returning them to their original location when they are better. Australia also has a lot of native marsupial mice that live in the desert. Many of these only come out at night.
You know, there are many animals that are "unpopular" in Australia including spiders which are dangerous. You can find these in Sydney. If they are hungry, they will attack anything that moves. They have sharp teeth and poison. Luckily, there is an antidote if you can get to hospital quickly. There have been 12 deaths since 1927.
Another animal with sharp teeth and a fatal bite is the shark. However, there are normally a lot of beach patrols and protective nets to stop these from eating you for breakfast. Other animals that are a problem for beach lovers are jellyfish. They look like bubbles of blue bubble gum and they have a painful sting therefore people do not swim when there are many in the water. Other "unpopular" animals include dingoes. These are a cross between wolves and dogs. They are unpopular because they eat farmers' animals.
Now what about the ugly animals? A word that people often use to describe a cane toad is ugly! Other words include fat, noisy and disgusting. They are also as big as footballs!' The Queensland Government brought cane toads to Australia to eat cane beetles. Unfortunately cane toads can't fly but cane beetles can. Now the toads are more of a problem than the beetles. Hundreds of thousands are born every year. The toads eat everything including rare Australian animals. The toads are also poisonous to eat. Animals that eat them die. Though they are unpopular animals, some people like them and keep them as pets or write songs about them.There are a number of types of crocodiles found in northern Australia, ranging from the potentially dangerous saltwater crocodiles to smaller, more shy, harmless varieties.
They have got snakes too although fears of the poisonous types are largely exaggerated. They are generally shy creatures, only too ready to avoid trouble. The taipan and the tiger are worth keeping away from.
That is only a small selection of the creatures of the country. Others include penguins, turtles, seals and opossums.In the dry areas, you can see an amazing variety of lizards; some grow to a very hefty size.

Hello! My name is Masha. I want to tell you about summer and summer's month in Belarus.
The weather in summer in Belarus is very changeable.
June is often rainy, wet and cloudy. You can see drizzles, showers, heavy rains and thunderstorms in June in Belarus. But June is usually warm month-average temperature in June is about 22 degrees above zero.
July is the finest and the driest month of the year. In July you can't see heavy rains and thunderstorms. Drizzles are usually warm. Average temperature in July is about 24-26 degrees above zero.
August in Belarus is hot and dry too. But the nature starts to get ready for autumn.
Many trees and flowers are blossom and ripe in summer in Belarus, and animals are especially active.

Everyone knows that there are four seasons in a year: Spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each of them lasts 8 Months.
Spring comes in March and ends in May. It often rains in Spring, especially in April.
Summer is the hottest season in the year. It begins in June and ends in August. In summer the sky is clear and cloudless. The days are long and the nights are short and warm. Summer brings fruits and vegetables. It is pleasant to spend this season by the seaside or somewhere in the country.
The Autumn months are September, October and November. The days are becoming shorter, the sun lose its force. It often rains. It is the season of harvesting.
Winter lasts three month as well: December, January and February. It is getting colder day by day. The sun shines rarely and it snows of fen. But everything looks so pretty covered by snow.
So in every season there are bright and dark sides. But we must be thankful together whatever the weather.

  • 03:13
A year is the average time it takes for the Earth to go once round the Sun. There are 12 months or 52 weeks or 365 days in a year. Every four years there is a leap year. It has 366 days. The names of the months are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. The days of the week are: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. There are 7 days in a week, 24 hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute.
There are four seasons in the year - spring, summer, autumn and winter.The Sun rises in the east in the morning and sets in the west in the evening. We tell the time by means of watches and clocks. The most famous of them is Big Ben, it is a tower clock near the Houses of Parliament in London.
In the times of Julius Caesar the first month of the year was March, which is now the third month. Now the first month of the year is January. It is very cold in January. The second month is February. It has twenty-eight days. Every leap year February adds on a twenty-ninth day.The third month March is the first month of spring. In spring the days grow longer and the weather becomes warmer. Spring like any other season has three months.June, July and August are the summer months of which July and August are the hottest ones. In summer I often go to see my friends who live in the country. When my vacation is over, I return to my J native town.
In autumn the days grow shorter. The weather is bad. It often rains.
December is the twelfth and last month of the year. At the same time it is the first month of winter.

  • 03:12
There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In the United States autumn is called Fall. Each season lasts three months. In most countries of the world the new year begins on the 1st of January. This day is a holiday in Russia.
Every season is beautiful in its own way. Winter in Russia is cold, especially in the northern regions. The sun sets early and rises late. The rivers and lakes are frozen over. Everything is covered with snow. Sometimes it is very cold, and the temperature can drop to thirty below zero. Going out in weather like this isn't very pleasant. Winter is a good time for sports. People go in for skating and skiing. Tobogganing is also popular, not as a kind of sport, but rather as fun. Winter in St.Petersburg is worse than in Central Russia because it is damp and clouds often cover the sun.
In March it gets warmer and warmer. The sun becomes hotter and brighter. The days grow longer, the snow and ice gradually melt away. Spring comes, and nature awakens to new life after its winter sleep. The air is fresh, the sky is blue and cloudless. All kinds of plants and flowers appear. The ground is covered with bright-green grass, and the first flowers; the trees are in full blossom. Birds return to the North from their winter stay in the South and start building their nests. Farmers get ready to plough their fields. The days are warm, and everything is full of life and joy.
Spring is followed by summer. The weather is usually fine in summer, but it can be very hot, especially in July. Sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning, but they do not last long. They freshen the air and help the plants fight the heat. In summer people try to get away from the city noise and spend more time in the open air. They pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, swim in the rivers and lakes, go fishing and boating. Most people prefer to have their holidays in summer. In St.Petersburg in June the sun does not set at all. This period is known as the White Nights.
Autumn begins in September. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. The leaves turn yellow, red and brown and fall to the ground. Most birds fly away to warm countries. There is a short spell of dry sunny weather in September which is called Indian Summer. It is a beautiful time when the sky is cloudless, the trees around are golden, the air is transparent and it is still warm. September is also rich in fruit and all kinds of vegetables grown round St.Petersburg and also brought from Central Russia. It gets colder towards the end of September, and mists and drizzle begin. In October we have some really chilly days. In St.Petersburg November often brings snow with it.

Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year. December, January and February are the winter months The weather is cold, usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing. March, April and May are the spring months. It is a very nice season. The weather is fine, it is warm. There are many green trees in the streets in the parks and in the yards. Sometimes it rains but usually the sun shines brightly. The birds return from the hot countries and build their nests. June, July and August are the summer months. It is hot or warm. The days are long and the nights are short. There are many nice flowers in the parks and squares in the summer. The pupils do not go to school, they have summer holidays. June is the first month of summer. We have the longest day and the shortest night in the year on the 21st-22nd of June. July is the middle month of summer. It is hot and sun shines brightly. The sky is blue and cloudless. August is the last summer month some times it is cold in August, but there are many mushrooms, berries and fruits. September, October and November are autumn months. The weather is changeable. It often rains. You can see yellow, red, brown leaves everywhere. It is time to gather the harvest.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Зима, весна, літо і осінь пори року. Грудень, січень та лютий є зимовими місяцями, погода холодна, як правило, йде сніг. Дні короткі, а ночі довгі. Річки і озера замерзають, і ми можемо покататися на ковзанах і лижах. Березень, квітень і травень -весняні місяці. Це дуже приємний сезон. Погода хороша, тепло. Є багато зелених дерев на вулицях в парках і у дворах. Іноді йде дощ, але, як правило, яскраво світить сонце. Птахи повертаються з гарячих країн і будують свої гнізда. Червень, липень і серпень є літнііми місяцмия. Вони гарчі або теплі. Дні довгі, а ночі короткі. Є багато хороших квітів у парках і скверах в літній час. Учні не йдуть в школу, у них є літні канікули. Червень - перший місяць літа. У нас є довгий день і найкоротша ніч у році на 21-22 червня. Липень - середній місяць літа. Тоді гаряче і яскраво світить сонце. Небо блакитне і безхмарне. Серпень -  останній місяць літа кілька разів холодно в серпні, але є багато грибів, ягід і фруктів. Вересень, жовтень і листопад - осінні місяці. Погода мінлива. Часто йде дощ. Ви можете бачити жовті, червоні, коричневі листя скрізь. Це час, щоб зібрати врожай. 

  • 03:11
Environment pollution problem is paid much attention to in the USA. Different environmentalists and environmental societies, like Wilderness Society, try to improve the situation. The level of damage to the forests in the USA is really high. The construction of new roads and the need of wood influenced the cuttings of large areas of forest. As a result some rare species of animals, and some plants can disappear. For example, the pacific yew, containing a cancer-fighting compound. American environmentalists are also disturbed by the problem of global warming. They pay much attention to the research in this sphere. Global warming is the result of air pollution by different gases. Together with the gases, destroying the ozone layer, it influences the patterns of weather. Many USA universities investigate these problems. The pollution of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, and the problem of acid rains that threatened many forests, made the media start a campaign against industrial pollution. All of the states have adopted their own laws; some banned throwaway bottles, or use of phosphates in soaps, or industrial dumping of wastes. By 1986 smoking in public had been restricted. There also exist public societies, whose aim is to attract public's attention to the most important environmental problems. Some of them, for example, "Pals of the Planet", publish the materials of how to save the seas from pollution. The "Greenpeace" organization, which was founded in 1971, is one of the leading environmental organizations in the USA and in the world. Its numerous actions of protest against water and air pollution, its programme "Water for Life", started in the USA, help our planet to survive. Public attention to the problems of pollution has now become a part of American life.

  • 03:11
Protection of environment is a major issue in Great Britain. Global warming, ozone layer problem, air and water pollution, industrial wastes are in the centre of different state and public actions. Great Britain maintains careful checks on use of dangerous chemicals and collects information about new ones. Acid rains that kill enormous amounts of fish in Great Britain are also in the centre of attention. They are caused by smoke from factories and power stations and exhaust fumes from transport. It is produced when coal and oil are burnt. The government provides smoke control programmes. New power plants will have to meet very tight limits on emission of chemical gases. Britain works with Scandinavian countries in a project on the problem of acid rains. Over the last years local authorities are carrying on tests of drinking water in England and Wales. Nuclear waste from nuclear plants is discharged into the Irish Sea, making it one of the most radioactive seas in the world. There also have been numerous leaks of radioactive matter to the atmosphere. Water pollution from shipping and oil platforms, mostly in the North Atlantic, is great.
Water pollution programmes are being worked out in Great Britain nowadays. Ten National parks have been established in England and Wales, four — in Scotland. Their aims are to conserve the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage. Each park is administered by an independent National Park Authority. Trees Preservation Orders enable local authorities to protect trees and woodlands. Once a tree is protected it is, in general, an offence to cut it down without permission. Responsibility for pollution control is divided between local authorities and central government. Local authorities are responsible for collection and disposal of wastes, keeping the streets clear of litter, control of air pollution. It is a criminal offence to leave litter in any public place in the open air except in designated places. The fines for it vary from 25 up to 2500 pounds.

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