Твір з англійської:A Detective Story/Детектив

There are many interesting genres in literature which I admire, but my favourite books are detective stories. Such books usually contain crime and mystery, which are later solved by smart detectives. One of the best-known detectives of all times was Sherlock Holmes. Everybody has heard of him and of his supernatural talent to investigate the cases and detect criminals. The typical features of a fine detective story are the seemingly perfect crime, the wrongly accused suspect at the beginning, the great observation skills of the detective and the unexpected outcome. The official founder of the western detective was Edgar Allan Poe. 

In 1841 he published the story called “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”, which is considered to be the first example of this genre. However, his work has been influenced by another story, written at the beginning of the 19th century. It is known that detectives have existed even in ancient literature. Ancient Greek writer and philosopher Sophocles wrote the play which was close to detective by its essence. One of the earliest detective stories was traced in ancient Arab world. It was told by Scheherazade in the “Arabian Nights”. The chapter narrated about mysterious murder of a young woman. The Golden Age of detective falls on the first half of the 20th century, when Agatha Christie produced a series of books featuring Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. These two fictional characters have become the true symbols of detective fiction since then. People all over the world still read and watch the mysteries solved by them.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

У літературі багато цікавих жанрів, які мені подобаються, але мої улюблені книги - детективи. У таких книгах зазвичай хитромудрі слідчі розкривають таємничі злочини. Одним з найвідоміших детективів всіх часів є Шерлок Холмс. Всі чули про нього і про його надприродне таланті розслідування справ і виявлення злочинців. До типових особливостей відмінного детектива ставляться добре замасковане злочин, помилково обвинувачений людина на початку, ідеальні навички спостереження у слідчі і несподівана розв'язка. Офіційним творцем західного детектива вважається Едгар Аллан По. 

У 1841 році він опублікував розповідь під назвою «Вбивство на вулиці Морг», який вважається першим прикладом цього жанру. Проте, його робота була під впливом іншої історії, написаної на початку 19-го століття. Відомо, що детективи існували ще в стародавній літературі. Давньогрецький письменник і філософ Софокл написав п'єсу, яка за змістом була схожа з детективом. Одна з перших детективних історій була виявлена ​​в стародавньому арабському світі. Її розповідала Шехерезада в «Тисячі і однієї ночі». Глава оповідала про загадкове вбивство молодої жінки. Золотий вік детектива доводиться на першу половину 20-го століття, коли Агата Крісті випустила серію книг за участю міс Марпл і Еркюль Пуаро. Ці два вигаданих персонажа з тих пір стали справжніми символами детектива. Люди в усьому світі як і раніше читають і дивляться загадкові історії, розкриваються ними. 

Повністю

Future Simple (Indefinite) – майбутній простий час

Future Simple (Future Indefinite) – майбутній простий час англійської мови. Зазвичай він використовується для позначення події, що може статися в неозначеному майбутньому або ж у дуже далекому майбутньому. Більш детальніші правила утворення Future Simple у стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних реченнях, допоміжні слова та приклади вживання майбутнього часу дивіться нижче.



                Утворення Future Simple

Future Simple утворюється за допомогою додавання допоміжних дієслів shall / will та першої форми дієслова. Правило у вигляді формули для утворення стверджувального (розповідного) речення:

Іменник + shall / will + дієслово

Як правило, shall вживається з 1 особою однини, проте це не є правилом. Will можна вживати з усіма займенниками (I, You, He / She, We, They, It). Також shall та will можуть зливатися з займенником і тоді від них залишається лише закінчення ll.Приклади:

I will play football. – Я буду грати у футбол.

I’ll do my work someday. – Я колись зроблю свою роботу.

Для утворення заперечного речення в Future Simple необхідно після shall / will ставити частку not. Формула утворення заперечного речення:

Іменник + shall / will + not + дієслово

При цьому shall not може зливатися в shan’t, а will not у won’t. Приклади використання заперечного речення:

I shall not let you down. – Я вас не підведу.

Tomorrow he won’t go to the school.

Питальне речення Future Simple утворюється в наступний спосіб:

Shall / Will + іменник + дієслово

Приклади використання питального речення:

Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? – Завтра ми підемо до кінотеатру?

Will you go with us? – Чи підеш ти з нами?

Слова-покажчики Future Simple

Як і в Past Simple та в Present Simple, у майбутнього часу є свої допоміжні слова, що допомагають визначити, чи використовується Future Simple чи ні. Існує 4 найуживаніших слів-маркерів та словосполучень:

	Слово		Переклад
	tomorrow		завтра
	next year		в наступному році
	in (five, four, ten і т.д.) days/months		через (п’ять, чотири, десять і т.д.) днів/місяці
	in (2020, 2015 і т.д.) year		у (2020, 2015 і т.д.) році

Випадки, в яких вживається Future Simple

Нижче наведені випадки вживання Future Simple допоможуть вам зорієнтуватися в розмові при виборі часу, в якому ви хочете висловити свою думку.

I варіант використання: обіцянка щось зробити

Future Simple часто використовується у випадку, коли людина щось обіцяє робити в майбутньому:

I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. – Я обіцяю, що не розкажу йому про несподівану вечірку.

Don’t worry, I’ll be careful. – Не хвилюйся, я буду обережним.

I will call you when I arrive. – Я передзвоню тобі, коли приїду.

II варіант використання: передбачення майбутніх подій

Future Simple може використовуватися при намаганні щось передбачити в майбутньому. В даному випадку також може використовуватися фраза to be going to. Приклади:

The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. – Рік 2222 буде дуже цікавим роком.

John Smith will be the next President. – Джон Сміт буде наступним Президентом.

The movie “Zenith” will win several Academy Awards. – Фільм “Зеніт” виграє декілька нагород Кіноакадемії.

III варіант використання: миттєва реакція на щось

В даному випадку Future Simple застосовується для відповіді на якесь прохання або ж реакції на якусь дію, що відбулася. Приклади:

Will you help me move this heavy table? – Чи ти допоможеш мені пересунути цей важкий стіл?

A: I’m really hungry. – Я справді голодний.
B: I’ll make some sandwiches. – Я зроблю декілька сандвічів.

I won’t do all the housework myself! – Я не буду робити всю роботу по дому одна!

IV варіант використання: перерахування послідовних дій ті повторювані дії

Ще одним випадком вживання Future Simple є перерахування послідовних та повторюваних дій, що будуть відбуватися в майбутньому. Наприклад:

I  cannot wait for my vacation. I shall go to the river, swim and fish every day. – Не можу дочекатися канікул. Я буду ходити до річки, плавати та ловити рибу кожен день.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:The Printed Word/Друковане слово

In Greece and Rome the earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark covered with wax, and writing was possible upon them with a small stick called "stylus". In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves. They were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day.

The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, roiled from one cylinder to another. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later.

Books were popular in ancient Rome: there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C.1 Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries.
By the time, of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten, beautifully decorated, but they were often chained to the shelves. But only few people could read them.

First printing was invented in China and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses in Europe . The early printers were not only craftsmen but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing, press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476. and the first printing press in Russia — by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564.

Early libraries were used only by scientists but latery they were used by the public. In the 19th century a proper system of public libraries appeared. Now most countries have their own national libraries.
Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States.
Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, it's the world's largest Library, Bibliotheque Nationale in France , the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues.Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: Visions of the Future: Huxley and Orwell/Бачення майбутнього: Хакслі і Оруелла

Dystopia is a recently coined word to describe negative utopias, and can be taken literally to mean 'bad place'. In the 20th century dystopian fiction dominates utopian fiction. There was a generally skeptical or pessimistic view about science and technology among 20th century writers. Some of the reasons for this are historical, and follow from quite real fears of nuclear war and nuclear accidents, the escape of deadly viruses, the creation of intelligent machines to rival humans, cloning etc.

Two major works of dystopian fiction are Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World" (1932) and George Orwell's "1984" (1949). Both of these writers were influenced by H.G. Wells, but both had far more pessimistic ideas for the future society.Although there are superficial resemblances between "Brave New World" and "1984", they are not really very much different. Huxley pictured a society of the near future in which technology provides all the material comforts required by human beings. There is no pain or illness, but there is also no knowledge and no creativity. Parents no longer give birth in the 'natural' way, instead children are produced in test tubes with designer characteristics depending on their destined social status. Human beings are conditioned from their artificial birth to fulfill a social role in breeding centers. Society is divided into four classes, Alphas, Betas, Gammas and Deltas, each with different breeding, clothing and conditioning to perform different tasks in society. The individual is thus likened to a single cell in the social body, unable to function individually. Unhappiness and emotion are catered for through the prescription of drugs. Criticism of this 'perfect' society comes from the 'Savage' who has been brought up outside the 'New World', and cannot understand this reduced form of human existence, without Shakespeare, without love, without emotion, without individuality.

"Brave New World" has been hugely influential as a warning of the dangers of uncontrolled scientific research. It foresees genetic engineering, cloning, test-tube babies and direct social conditioning through drugs and the media. It foresees the replacement of 'culture and education' by a form of mass entertainment, (crudely, of Shakespeare by Hollywood), and the subsequent loss of affect in human beings, the loss of the critical faculty, the inability to think for oneself.

In George Orwell's "1984" the world is divided into the three super-powers: Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasia. Oceania is alternating at war with one power and allied with the other. The population of Oceania consists of three castes: the Inner Party (1%), the Outer Party (14%) and the Proles (85%). The Inner Party is the ruling caste and its sole desire is to gain power, have power, and keep the power - forever. The official face of the party is "Big Brother", an oversized face on posters hanging on walls everywhere and staring from every telescreen, seeming to follow everybody with his eyes. Children are instructed to spy on their parents. Adults like the hero Winston Smith, are employed to rewrite history so that it always show that the dictatorship was right. There is no escape. Any attempt to express oneself as an individual is discovered and the person is brainwashed. At the time when Orwell wrote "1984", it was fashionable for intellectuals to admire Stalinist Russia. They thought of it as the opposite of Nazi Germany. Not long before his death, Orwell published this warning in the hope that people would realize that all dictatorships are basically the same.

Huxley and Orwell are not the only modern writers to have looked into the future and seen disaster. But neither in "Brave New World" nor in "1984" was the atomic bomb responsible. It plays a major part, however, in "The Planet of the Apes" and its sequel (at least as far as the film versions taken from Pierre Boulle's original book are concerned). In Boulle's story there was a planet where apes and men had changed places in society. In the films, however, this theme was linked to that of nuclear war, making them more topical. The astronauts eventually realize that they have returned to Earth to thousand years later. If men have resigned themselves to becoming the slaves of apes it is because of a nuclear catastrophe.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: The pleasure of reading/Задоволення від читання

I want to tell you about reading in my life. Reading plays a very important role in the life of people. I'm fond of reading. In my opinion, books are a source of emotional inspiration and romantic feelings. Reading is very useful, because books enrich our experience with that or the other people. Besides, books help me to continue my own education. The world of books is full of wonders. Reading books you can find, yourself in different lands, countries, islands, seas, oceans. We enjoy the beauty and wisdom of books which teach us to be kind and clever, brave and honesty to understand other people. People are fond of reading different kinds of books. There are books of different genres: love and detective stories, thrillers and historical novels, tales, works after classical and modern writers. Fairy tales are enjoyed and read by children, books about adventures and journeys are enjoyed by those who are fond of travelling. Legends and myths are read by those who are fond of history. I'm a great lover of the English and American literature. Among my favourite writers are W. Shakespeare and Ch. Dickens. Books help us to be good friends. They teach us to understand the beauty of nature, to take care of it, to love our homeland. I read books Russian and Belarusian writers too.

I can't imagine my life without reading. You can find all kinds of books at the library. Every school in our country has a library. A school library is a collection of textbooks and books for reading. Our pupils and teachers go for reading, to look some magazines or newspapers or to prepare for a report.

Books teach us what is right and what is wrong, to understand the world and people in it. It educates a person, enriches his intellect.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: The Library of Our Institute/Бібліотека нашого інституту

"Library is a temple of books", -- somebody said. And I fully agree with these wise words. Every person in our country more than 14 years old, I'm sure, at least once visited a library. The majority of young people has subscriptions to the libraries they like. The libraries not only give us a vast choice of books, but also offer excellent opportunities of having rest.

As you know, I study at the Far-Eastern State University, and I'm very proud that its library is thought to be the one of the largest in Primorye and even the whole Far-East.

Soon after our studies began, we had a course of lectures about the university library. We were told about the rules of using books we take from the library and about its catalogues. Having listened to this course, we passed an examination that showed everything we had learnt.

Soon I had to visit our library the first time as I needed a text book on economics. I went downstairs (as library is situated in the ground floor) and found a room I was searching for. But I didn't get the books immediately as there were many students in the room. So I waited for my turn. I asked the librarian if I could get the book on economical theory. She brought me a book which name was "Modern economics". Than the librarian asked me if I used the library's services for the first time. I answered that it was true, and she suggested me to get a reader's ticket. I was interested to know what documents I had to provide for this. She told that she needed only my photo and some money. Fortunately, I had picture with myself and two minutes later I was an owner of the reader's ticket, which proves that I am a real member of the university library.

So, that is my story about our library. By the way, I want to say you that I was greatly surprised the level of service in it. It was very pleasant to meet kind librarian that was eager to help in everything you ask.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:The Book I've Just Read/Книга, яку я щойно прочитав

William Somerset Maugham's short stories are very fascinating.Not long ago I've read one of his short stories, it is the storyabout a man who is very rich, very powerful, very intellegent,very successful in his career and yet he is unhappy. Hisname is Lord Mountdrago (the story says: he was an able anddistinguished man who was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairswhen he was under forty. He was considered the most capablepolitican in the Conservative Party and for a long time directedthe foreign policy of his country). One day he comes to Dr.Audlin who is a psychotherapist and whose reputation as apsychotherapist is very good. Dr. Audlin seems to be able to helpalmost everybody (the story says: he could relief certain pains bythe touch of his cool, soft hands and by talking to his patients,often induced sleep in those who were suffering from sleeplessness. He spoke slowly. His voice had no particularcolor, but it was musical, soft and lulling. Dr. Audlin foundthat by speaking to people in that low monotonous voice of his,by looking at them with his pale, quiet eyes, by stroking theirforeheads with his long firm hands he could sometimes do thingsthat seemed miraculous). Lord Mountdrago had a strange dreams.They get on his nerves. And he was afraid that he will go mad orcommit suicide if it would go on like that every night. He said thathis decision can affect the welfare of the country. When Dr.Audlin askes to describe one of his dreams, he begins: "the first dreamI had was about a month ago. I dreamt that i was at a party atConnemara House. It was an official party. The King and the Queenwere to be there and many prominent people too. Suddenly I saw alittle man there called Owen Griffiths, who is a member ofparlament from the Labour Party and to tell you the truth, I wassurprised to see him there. The Connemaras were at the top of amarble staircase receiving their guests... Suddenly I noticedthat the King and the Queen had come, turned my back on theConnemaras and understood that I had got my trousers on. You can'tunderstand what i felt at that moment, an agony of shame. I awokein a cold sweat and understood what it was only a dream".

Dr. Audlin can't diagnose the case and soon he learns thatLord Mountrago has ruined his opponent in the House of Commons.Whose name is Owen Griffiths. He did it cruelly and mercilessly. Hisconscience protested that injury he caused to Griffiths. Thestory has a tragic end. Lord Mountdrago is unable to get rid ofhis terrible dreams. He commits suicide. His antagonist suddenlydies too. The newspaper wrote that his death was supposed to bedue to natural reason but we know that his death wassupernaturally conditioned by Lord Mountdrago's tragic end. Inconclusion we come to after having read that supernational forceseffect our lives. No matter how sensitive or insensitive we mightbe to them. Thus the moral of the story is that doing good is theonly certainly happy action of a man's life.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: My Favourite Literary Character/Мій улюблений літературний персонаж

My favourite literary character is Eliza Doolittle. Eliza is one of the principal characters of "Pygmalion", Bernard Shaw's famous comedy. Eliza, a girl of eighteen, comes from the lowest social level and speaks with a strong Cockney accent. She makes her own living by selling flowers in the streets of London. One day she accidentally meets Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics. Higgins makes an agreement with his friend Pickering that he will pass Eliza off as a duchess in six months. Eliza and Higgins work hard at the girl's manners and pronunciation. Finally, before six months are over, she is well prepared to be introduced into society. Higgins and Pickering take her to the races, a dinner party, and the Queen's dancing party. Everything goes well and Higgins wins his bet. But what is to become of Eliza now when the game is over? She cannot go back to selling flowers in the street. She has acquired some culture, and she wants to do useful work. She wants independence and her share of respect. I admire Eliza's quick wit and sense of humour, her moral strength and integrity. The character of Eliza shows how much force and talent lies undeveloped in common people.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: My favourite book is "Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe/Моя улюблена книга - "Робінзон Крузо" Даніель Дефо

D. Defoe (1660—1731) was a great master of realistic detail. The novel "Robinson Crusoe" was written in 1719. The novel is praise to human labour and the triumph of man over nature. Defoe shows the development of his hero. At the beginning of the story we see an unexperienced youth, a rather frivolous boy, who then becomes a strong-willed man.

Robinson Crusoe's most characteristic trait is his optimism. His guiding principle in life become "never say die". He had confidence in himself and in man. He believed it was within the power of man to overcome all difficulties. Crusoe was an enthusiastic worker and always hoped for the best.

Defoe is a writer of the Enlightenment. He teaches people how to live, he tries to teach what's good and what's bad.

His novel "Robinson Crusoe" is not only a work of fiction, an account of adventures, a biography and an educational pamphlet. It is a study of man, a great work showing man in relation to nature and civilization as well as in relation to labour and private property.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Д. Дефо (1660-1731) був великим майстром реалістичної детальності. Роман "Робінзон Крузо" був написаний в 1719 році.Цей роман це хвала людської праці і торжество людини над природою. Дефо показує розвиток свого героя. На початку розповіді ми бачимо, недосвідченого юнака, досить легковажного хлопця, який потім стає вольовою людиною.

Найбільш характерна риса Робінзона Крузо є його оптимізм. Його керівним принципом в житті стати "ніколи не говори вмираю".Він був упевнена в собі людина. Він вважав, що було у владі людини подолати всі труднощі. Крузо був захопленим працівником і завжди сподівався на краще.

Дефо письменник епохи Просвітництва. Він вчить людей, як жити, він намагається навчити, що добре і що погано.

Його роман "Робінзон Крузо" не тільки художній твір, розповідь про пригоди, біографі. та освітню брошуру. Це вивчення людини, велика робота, що показує людинe по відношенню до природи і цивілізації, а також у ставленні до праці і приватної власності.

Повністю

Твір з англійської: My Favourite Book (Gone with the Wind)/Моя улюблена книга (Віднесені вітром)

I've recently read a book which has made a very deep impression on me. It's called Gone with the Wind and it makes really unforgettable reading. The author of the book is Margaret Mitchell. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia, into a family of the president of the Atlanta Historical Society. All the family were interested in American history and she grew up in an atmosphere of stories about the Civil War.

After graduating from college Margaret Mitchell worked for a time for the Atlanta Journal. In 1925 she got married. In the following ten years she put on paper all the stories she had heard about the Civil War. The result was Gone with the Wind. It was first published in 1936 and became the talking point of all America. In 1939 it was made into a highly successful film. Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable played the leading roles. Vivien Leigh won the Oscar. Everyone loved her high-spirited and beautiful heroine, Scarlett O'Hara.

The story is set around the time of the American Civil War (1861-65) when the Southern States went to war with the North to defend their way of life. It was a way of life in which rich gentry lived in large houses and owned huge areas of land, cultivated by black slaves. Scarlett O'Hara was born into one of these rich houses. When this way of life was destroyed and all her family's wealth taken away by the advancing Northerners, the spoilt, willful Scarlet had to grow up and use all her wit and intelligence — and beauty — to build a new life.

But Gone with the Wind is also about a love triangle. While Scarlett loves the quiet, gentlemanly Ashley Wilkes, the wild and decidedly ungentlemanly Rhett Butler is in love with her. After Ashley marries someone else, and after many adventures of her own, Scarlett does marry Rhett — but only for money.

The marriage is stormy and eventually Rhett walks out on her, but by that time Scarlett has realized that she loves him after all. Scarlett thinks of some way of getting him back, but we never know if she does.

Margaret Mitchell never wrote a sequel to answer this burning question.

She died in 1949 in a car crash.

In 1991 a publishing company asked Alexandra Ripley, a historical novelist to do the job. Her novel Scarlett was not in the same class as the original. Critics have been writing very bad reviews of Scarlett, but the book is popular with the public.

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Твір з англійської: My Favourite Book/Моя улюблена книга

My favourite book is "The Old Man and the Sea" by Ernest Hemingway. This story is one of the well-known works of the writer. The author depicts the characters of the old man and the boy and their relations very vividly and skillfully. Santiago, the old man, was one of the writer's beloved characters. The old man was a born fisherman, but he was not a butcher and fished only for a living. He was very lonely. He had a devoted friend - the boy, Manolin. The boy loved the old man for his kind heart, his devotion to the sea. Manolin was like a son to Santiago. He took care of the old man's food and his belongings. The old man was glad to pass his experience to the boy. He looked forward to going to the sea together with the boy. All Santiago's life had been in preparation for the battle with big fish. He knew that he had been born for this and it was time to prove it. A strong man at last had met a strong fish. The battle was a difficult one and full of danger. Though the sharks had eaten the fish and nothing had left but the backbone, the old man had morally won the battle. Santiago's words "man can be destroyed but not defeated" are the main idea of this story. "The Old Man and the Sea" is a masterpiece for its imaginative language and the description of nature.

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Твір з англійської: My favorite book 'Pride and Prejudice'/Моя улюблена книга "Гордість і упередження"

This is probably one of the book that I know the length and the breadth of it. I don't remember how many times I've re-reread it. I've watched all the most popular screen version of the novel. It doesn't depend on movie format it can be a full motion film or a soap opera.

This creation by Jane Austen has had lots of admirers all over the world for almost two hundred years. Many famous and outstanding literature personalities were followers and fans of this book and Jane Austen's works in general.

I've read the book from cover to cover. And I'm sure I'll do it again. I was so crazy about it that I re-read it in original translation. It was quite difficult, but when I finished I felt a satisfaction that I didn't give up without a fight at the beginning, when I faced enormous amount of unclear words.

I like reading this book first of all because of well-drawn people's characters. Every next re-reading I always find something brand new that I've not noted previous time. This is the false mirror of people's soles and weaknesses that help to see clear common mistakes in behavior of main characters. It's a kind of a reference book how we shouldn't conduct if we really want to be a respectful and an honorable person. At the same time the novels help to broaden our outlook. A social status of women in comparison with men is reflected in the book. The book is full of sharp satire towards the disadvantages of the education between a swell society and sidesmen.

Some characters make feel feelings of sympathy, another ones arose misunderstanding in a way of their conduct.

The plot centers around an English family with five daughters. The mother's main purpose to make married all of them as quickly as possible. The father's appreciate only two oldest one and doesn't mind about others and hides from all the life problems in his library. Permissiveness and lack of education get their results at the end.

Author focuses our attention on love stories of two eldest sisters. During all book every event links with them. Mistakes and winnings of their relatives hurt or help two young ladies achieve the most desirable goal in life - to get married happily. Some may think that this is a chick lit. but there is an intelligent and a hidden meaning in characters dialogues. How much wit some of them shows to hide misbehave of precious to the people. Especially I love that part when main heroes made hard attempts to change themselves to correct offences which they've done. They don't just apologize, they support each other in the most difficult moments , they don't wait for approving of actions and do all their best.

Definitely there is a happy ending because main characters have recognized and regret their sins. And even didn't wait for forgiveness but after all get the most expensive treasure. They've made such a long way from hatred to understanding each other even without a word. This is a conformation of proverb 'from love to hate one step' only from another side.

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Твір з англійської: Libraries/бібліотеки (варіант 2)

Libraries play an important part in the cultural development of a country. People have a desire to learn, they seek knowledge. Books satisfy this desire.

Books should not be read only for pleasure. Reading books helps us in our education. We can find all kinds of books in the libraries: novels, biographies, fiction, short stories, books on travelling, technical books, magazines, books for children and so on. In some libraries we can find books in many foreign languages.

When a reader comes to a library for the first time, he fills in his library card and the librarian helps him to choose something to read. The reader is allowed to borrow books for a certain number of days. The catalogues help the reader to find the books he needs. We should be careful with the books and not damage them in any way. We should not make notes in library books or dogs-ear the pages. Reading rooms are open to all who wish to work there. Besides books we can get periodicals, newspaper files and magazines to read there. Readers come to reading rooms to study and prepare material for their reports or for their scientific work.

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Твір з англійської: Gulliver's Travels/Подорожі Гуллівера

In 1726 Swift's masterpiece "Gulliver's Travels" appeared. This work made a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred the interests of those in politics as well as the readers of novels.

In this work Swift intended to satirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictional travels. It tells about the adventures of a ship surgeon, as related by himself and divided into four parts of four voyages:1. A voyage to Liliput.2. A voyage to Brobdignag.3. A voyage to Laputa.4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms.

1. The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput. As the result of a shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a race of people about six inches high. Everything else in this country is on a correspondent scale. Swift meant this small country with it's shallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize the England of the 18'th centure, the court with it's atmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among the liliputians.

2. Before long Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near the land of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shore Gulliver is captured by the giants. They are good-natured creatures and treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small size and look upon him as a plaything.

Brobdingnag is an expression of Swift's desire to find the ideal and escape from the disgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes an agricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such a monarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever, honest and kind to his people. He hates wars and wants to make his people happy.

3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa. Swift's imagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in the third part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa (the author touches upon all the existing sciences). It is easy enough to understand that in ridiculing the academy of Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the 18'th century. The scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all the world.

3. In the 4'th part Swift describes Gulliver's adventures at the Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non any of the frivo-lities of human scociety. The human race ocupies a position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules the country by reason and justice.

"Gulliver's travels was one of the greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in world literature. Swift's democratic ideas expressed in the book had a great influence on the English writers who came after Swift.

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Твір з англійської: Libraries/бібліотеки

The Word library comes from the Latin word 'liber', meaning 'book'. This is a place where information in print (book, manuscripts, periodicals and musical scores) and in other forms is collected. Libraries can be found in many places. There are libraries in small towns and large cities and there are libraries at schools, universities, colleges. People go to the library to read, look, listen, search, inquire, relax, discuss, learn and think.

The largest and the best known libraries in the world are: the British National library in London, the Library of Congress in Washington and The Russian State Library. The British Library is the largest state library in Britain and is one of the finest libraries in the world. It is a rapidly growing modern research library with all its current publications. People who want to read for higher degrees and who are engaged in research in their spare time visit this library. Other library which is known throughout the world is the Library of Congress. It was established as a reference library in 1600 and gradually would come a world famous institution that now occupies three huge buildings.

A great number of items in collections of books, newspapers, periodicals, manuscripts, films, maps and works of drama, music, art and important and exciting documents from American history are kept in library's archives. There are materials on practically every subject to which members of Congress can refer. And now I would tell you about Lenin State Library. The Lenin Library is the central library and is one of the world's largest. The old library building was built in 1786 on a hill opposite the Kremlin by Vasily Bashenov and was a typical example of a Moscow town residence of that time. Its new buildings were built in 1940. When the library was founded in 1961, it contained over 1000.000 volumes, and was then located in the old Pashkov part of the complex. In 1915 its one reading room had a sitting capacity of only 170. Now it has 23 reading rooms of 2500 seating capacities and a book fund of 27 millions. There a wide choice of books: fiction, non-fiction, serious books, detective stories, science fiction, biographic, history and encyclopedias which are extremely useful in work, because it gives information about every branch of knowledge. Of cource there is a catalogue of books.

The titles and authors of all the books in the library can be found in a card catalogue or a computer listing. Each card in catalogue gives very helpful information about the book; the title send the author, the time and place of publication and the even something about it contents. The library is used daily by around 10000 people. Most librarians have a professionally staff whose first duty is to help you.

Librarians also select books and other materials, organize materials so that you can easily use them, answer questions about facts, people, events, or advise you how to find the information you need. The library today is a centre for all kinds of communications: printed, pictured, recorded and even electronically stored.

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Твір з англійської: British Literature/британська література

Great Britain gave the world a lot of talented people. Many famous writers and poets were born and lived in Great Britain.One of the best known English playwrights was William Shakespeare. He draw ideas for his tragedies and comedies from the history of England and ancient Rome. Many experts consider Shakespeare the greatest writer and the greatest playwright in English language. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays which may be divided into: comedies (such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream"), tragedies (such as "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth") and historical plays (such as "Richard II", "Henry V, "Julius Caesar", "Antony and Cleopatra").

Robert Burns represents the generation of Romantic writers. In his poems he described with love and understanding' the simple life he knew. Among his well-known poems are "Halloween", "The Jolly Beggars", "To a Mouse".

Lord George Gordon Byron. His free-spirited life style combined with his rare poetic gift makes him one of the most famous figures of the Romantic Era. His famous works such as "Stanzas to Augusta", "The Prisoner of Chillon", "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage", "Manfred" draw readers into the passion, humors and conviction of a poet whose life and work truly embodied the Romantic spirit.

Sir Walter Scott wrote the first examples of historical novel, for instance, "Ivanhoe".

Lewis Carroll became famous when he published "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".

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Твір з англійської:Books in Our Life/Книги в нашому житті (варіант 2)

We can't imagine our life without books. They play a very important part in our life.

Books are our friends. We meet them when we are very small and can't read, but we remember our mother read them for us. We learn very much from books.

Books educate people in different spheres of life. They develop our imagination, make us think and analyse. They help to form our character and the world outlook. Books help us in self education and in deciding problems of life. They make our life more interesting.

People read both for knowledge and for pleasure. Different people read different books. They help us with our lessons and work. We read serious books which help us understand the life, give us answers to questions which worry us, they make us think.

Many people enjoy so-called "easy reading"- detectives, amusing, humorous stories, fantastic. But so many people, so many tastes.

As for me, I prefer to read adventure stories, full of interesting real fact and pictures, and detectives. My favourite author is Arthur Conan Doyle with his Holmes' adventures.

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Твір з англійської:Books in Our Life/Книги в нашому житті

"Books and friends should be few but good," says an English proverb. "Except a living man there is nothing more wonderful than a book! They teach us and open their hearts to us as brothers," wrote Charles Kingsley, an English writer of the 19th century. The book is certainly one of the greatest human inventions. It is a friend and a teacher. We learn many things by reading books. Books teach people to live. After reading some books it is easy to understand what should be done and what must not be done. One can learn a lot by reading books.

There are a lot of libraries in our country, where we can choose any book we need. Everyone has the right to use public libraries. The librarian is always ready to help you to find a book on any subject, even if you do not know the title of the book you want. Those who know how to use the library catalogue can find the books without consulting the librarian.

Talks, exhibitions and other events take place in libraries. Book lists are prepared beforehand to awake a new interest among the visitors. Except reading special and scientific literature it is a great pleasure to read belles-lettres.

Different people like to read different kinds of books. It depends on one's taste and character. Some people prefer detectives or science fiction. Others like historical books. Girls and women prefer love stories. Children like comics very much.

As for me, I prefer ... My favourite book is ... It is very interesting and exciting. The main character of the book is ... He (she) is a real personality. He (she) is clever (kind, courageous, strong, merry). I wish to be like him (her).

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Твір з англійської:Books in my life/Книги в моєму житті (варіант 3)

There is an English proverb that says, "Books and friends should be few but good". And "Except a living man there is nothing more wonderful than a book!" I totally agree with it.

Any book is a wonderful thing! Just imagine – it may seem that it's just paper pages with a cover and letters inside, sometimes with pictures. But the moment you start reading a book the whole new world opens to you! New characters, scenes, lives, events. It's like real life in miniature. So, a book is truly one of the greatest inventions of man. We learn so many things by reading books. Books teach us to live. A book can be a faithful friend and a teacher. Reading a book you open new horizons for yourself. A book can form our values and our characters. It gives us an opportunity to imagine the future and to look into the past. One can learn a lot by reading books. And I am sure that the time spent on a good book is never wasted. And it's really a pity that people started to read less. But it, of course, depends on the author greatly too and on his or her talent.

Books are of great help in any education. That's why we have so many libraries in our country where we can choose any book we like or need. There are different kinds of books in any library – special literature, belles-lettres, science fiction, periodicals like magazines and newspapers and so much more. Everyone has the right to use public libraries. The librarian is always ready to help you to find a book on any subject.

But nowadays Internet libraries have become more popular and people use them more often. Now we can find and read on-line almost any book or literary piece in the Internet. And I find it very convenient. Because it saves time a lot. But I am sure that no matter how convenient it is to get a book on-line there is still no bigger pleasure than reading a printed book.

Different people like to read different kinds of it. It depends on one's character and taste. Some people prefer fiction (novels, stories, short stories), some prefer detectives or science fiction. Others like historical books. Girls and women prefer love stories. Children like comics very much.

As for me, I'm personally fond of reading books. I like reading fiction.

I prefer reading science fiction. It is so interesting to read books by George Herbert Wells or Isaac Asimov. They speak about such things that have become real. How did they know? How could they know? That's a mystery and it is what makes science fiction interesting and fascinating.

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Твір з англійської:Books in my life/Книги в моєму житті (варіант 2)

Books... I think that we can't live without them. I believe that books stay with us for all our life. When I was a child my parents read them to me. I was happy to listen to the stories and tales. I learned a lot of interesting things from books. I remember thtat I liked thick books. Later I've learnt to read myself. I like to read books about animals, nature and children. I like to get presents on my birthday. I am happy if it is a book. It doesn't matter what kind of book it is. I like to read almost all books. If I have spare time, I spend it with my favourite book. When I was fifteen I was fond of reading too. But I preferred to read books about travels. I travelled with the heroes of the stories. I saw many interesting places and learned a lot of important facts about other countries and people. Now I like to read books about science. You can learn a lot from books. I am sure that books play a very important role in my life. Our family has got many books. All the members of our family buy books and read them. My mother says that books help us in our self-education. In ancient times books were written by hand. It was difficult to write a book with a pen. Then printing came into our life. Printing played an important role in the development of literature and culture. Now there are a lot of books in the shops, there are many books in our homes. But it is expensive to buy all the books we want to read. That's why we can read books in public libraries. There are many problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to solve them. I think that books can help us in it. Last year I read a very interesting book titled "An American Tragedy" by Theodore Dreiser. This novel was published at the beginning of the 20th century. The novel describes the tragic fate of a boy and a girl, Clyde and Roberta by name. It is a sad story. This novel was written many years ago, but it is still popular nowadays. Books must be our friends during all our life.

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