Твір з англійської:Life of a teenager/життя підлітка

Many things have changed over the past decades. Same can be said about the life of modern teenagers. Today teens are more independent, have other interests, and are definitely lazier than before. Computer is the root of most changes in the society. Modern teenagers spend almost all their free time online, playing computer games, chatting with friends, surfing social networks, instead of going out and doing some outdoor activities. 

If you ask a teenager what the life was like twenty or thirty years ago, he won’t answer, because he doesn’t know. Modern children simply can’t imagine their life without cell phones, tablets and MP3 players. These gadgets have gradually replaced the whole world of childish games and live communication. Previous generations of teenagers could still be seen in the streets jumping, running around and playing active games. Today, teenagers are mostly seen online. From the one hand, it’s certainly not good. From the other hand, this can be understood. How can children avoid electronic toys if they are everywhere? Other than that, the life of teenagers is not easy. They have a number of problems, which they don’t want to discuss with adults. 

Chatting with friends, at least they can share with them. Being online, they can also find answers for many urgent questions or problems. Modern teenagers are luckier than other generations for having the freedom of choice and life full of possibilities. It’s a “computer-based” generation. Even their homework is done with the help of computers and the Internet.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Багато що змінилося за останні десятиліття. Те ж саме можна сказати і про життя сучасних підлітків. Сьогодні підлітки більш незалежні, мають інші інтереси, і, безумовно, ледачіше, ніж раніше. Комп'ютер є основою більшості змін у суспільстві. Сучасні підлітки витрачають майже весь свій вільний час в Інтернеті, граючи в комп'ютерні ігри, спілкуючись з друзями в чаті, перевіряючи свої соціальні мережі, замість того, щоб проводити час на вулиці, граючи в рухливі ігри.

 Якщо ви запитаєте підлітка, яким було життя двадцять або тридцять років тому, він не зможе відповісти, тому що не знає. Сучасні діти просто не можуть уявити своє життя без стільникових телефонів, планшетів і MP3-плеєрів. Ці пристрої поступово замінили їм світ дитячих ігор і живого спілкування. Попередні покоління підлітків ще можна було побачити на вулицях стрибучими, бігаючими і грають в рухливі ігри. Сьогодні, підлітків можна побачити в основному в Інтернеті. З одного боку, це, звичайно, не добре. З іншого боку, їх можна зрозуміти. Як діти можуть уникнути електронних іграшок, якщо вони всюди? Крім того, життя підлітків не так проста. У них є ряд проблем, які вони не хочуть обговорювати з дорослими. 

Розмовляючи з друзями в чаті,в крайньому разі, вони можуть поділитися з ними. А проводячи час онлайн, вони можуть знайти відповіді на багато актуальних питань або проблеми. Сучасні підлітки щасливіші, ніж інші покоління, тому що у них є свобода вибору і життя, повна можливостей. Це «комп'ютерне» покоління. Навіть домашнє завдання вони виконують за допомогою комп'ютерів та Інтернету. 

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Living in The City/Життя в місті

Living in the city has both advantages and disadvantages. From one hand, it is always easier to find a good job or to visit interesting places and exhibitions. There is also a good choice of public transport. From the other hand, the noise and pollution level in big cities is really high. As for me, I quickly become tired of it. 

I live in Krasnodar with my family. It’s the biggest city in Krasnodar region and its capital. It is also the cultural, political and social centre of the region. I should say that the city is really beautiful and many people from smaller towns and villages come to work and study here. What they like about the city is that there are lots of interesting things to do and places to see. They also like job and study opportunities. There are lots of good universities and large companies in Krasnodar. There are also many ways to spend the weekends, for example, visiting a museum, going to the cinema or theatre, shopping, eating in good restaurants, going to concerts, etc. If people want to relax they go to parks for a walk or to read a book. In general, the city offers various opportunities and you never get bored. However, there are some disadvantages as well. 

Sometimes it’s difficult to find a cheap apartment, so living in a city becomes very expensive. The roads are full of cars which pollute the air and the traffic is really heavy on weekdays. Public transport is also over-crowded. That’s why many people leave the city at weekends. They try to relax in the countryside, where the air is much fresher and there isn’t any noise from cars. We also go away each Saturday and Sunday to visit my grandparents.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

 Життя в місті має свої переваги і недоліки. З одного боку, там завжди легше знайти хорошу роботу або відвідати цікаві місця і виставки. А також там хороший вибір громадського транспорту. З іншого боку, шум і рівень забруднення в великих містах дійсно високий. Що стосується мене, я швидко втомлююся від цього. 

Я живу зі своєю родиною в Краснодарі. Це найбільше місто в Краснодарському краї і його столиця. Він також є культурним, політичним і соціальним центром регіону. Повинна сказати, що місто дійсно гарний, і багато людей з невеликих міст і сіл приїжджають сюди працювати і вчитися. Їм особливо подобається в місті, то що тут багато цікавих занять і місць для відвідування. Їм також подобаються можливості для роботи і навчання. У Краснодарі є багато хороших університетів і великих компаній. Існує також багато способів, як провести вихідні, наприклад, відвідати музей, піти в кіно або театр, пройтися по магазинах, поїсти в хороших ресторанах, сходити на концерти і т.д. Якщо люди хочуть розслабитися вони йдуть в парки на прогулянку або почитати книгу. Загалом, місто пропонує різноманітні можливості, і ви ніколи не будете нудьгувати. Проте, є і деякі недоліки.

 Іноді буває важко знайти дешеву квартиру, так що життя в місті стає дуже дорогою. Вулиці повні автомобілів, які забруднюють повітря, а дорожні пробки дійсно великі в будні дні. Громадський транспорт також переповнений. Ось чому багато людей покидають місто на вихідних. Вони намагаються відпочити в сільській місцевості, де повітря набагато чистіше і немає шуму від машин. Ми також їдемо в гості до бабусі з дідусем щосуботи та неділі.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Globalization/Глобалізація

Globalization is something than we can’t see but we can feel the effects of it. It’s a process of interaction among the people, companies and governments of different countries. We can feel globalization almost everywhere nowadays. People eat American fast-food, wear Italian shoes and Mexican shirts, drive Japanese cars and listen to Korean music. Generally speaking, globalization is a blend of cultures. Some people think that it’s a new process. In fact, globalization existed even during Middle Ages, when people decided to trade goods with merchants from distant countries. Since 1980, it has begun to move at a faster pace. 

Today globalization is at its peak. There are, of course, some advantages and disadvantages of this process. The best thing is that people can buy and sell whatever they want from every corner of our planet. Internet has made it easier. People enjoy the variety of choice and prices. Globalization also gives an opportunity to learn more about culture of other nations. Countries focus on what they can do better instead of making bad-quality products. For example, Belgium is good at agriculture and producing fine chocolate but it doesn’t produce cars. Thus, they can buy cars from Germany or France. Another advantage of globalization is the growth of international companies. They can open affiliates in different countries and create additional workplace for local people.The first issue on the list of disadvantages that globalization has brought is the pollution of the environment. The building of new harmful factories has resulted into considerable environmental problems. 

Another disadvantage is the fact that globalization gradually destroys cultural identity. It’s especially obvious when European people try to impose their traditions and customs on Asian nations. And last but not the least: domestic producers also suffer. They find it difficult to sell their produce when people buy everything on international market.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Глобалізація це те, що ми не можемо бачити, але ми можемо відчувати її наслідки. Це процес взаємодії людей, компаній і урядів різних країн. В даний час, ми можемо відчувати глобалізації майже всюди. Люди їдять американський фаст-фуд, носять італійське взуття та мексиканські сорочки, водять японські автомобілі та слухають корейську музику. Одним словом, глобалізація являє собою суміш культур. Деякі люди думають, що це новий процес. Насправді, глобалізація існувала ще в епоху середньовіччя, коли люди вирішили обмінюватися товаром з купцями з далеких країн. З 1980 року вона почала рухатися в більш швидкому темпі. 

Сьогодні глобалізація знаходиться на своєму піку. У цього процесу є, звичайно, свої переваги і недоліки. Найкраще це те, що люди можуть купувати і продавати все, що хочуть з усіх куточків нашої планети. Інтернет зробив це простіше. Люди насолоджуються різноманітністю вибору і цін. Глобалізація також дає можливість дізнатися більше про культуру інших народів. Країни працюють над тим, що у них виходить найкраще, замість того, щоб створювати продукцію поганої якості. Наприклад, Бельгія хороша в сільському господарстві та виробництві шоколаду, але там не виробляють автомобілів. Таким чином, вона може купувати машини у Німеччині або Франції. Ще одна перевага глобалізації - це зростання міжнародних компаній. Вони можуть відкривати філії в різних країнах і створювати додаткові робочі місця для місцевого населення. Найголовніше в списку недоліків це те, що глобалізація принесла з собою забруднення навколишнього середовища. Будівництво нових шкідливих заводів призвело до значних екологічних проблем. 

Ще одним недоліком є ​​той факт, що глобалізація поступово руйнує культурну ідентичність. Це особливо помітно, коли європейці намагаються нав'язати свої традиції і звичаї азіатським націям. І останнє, але не менш важливе: вітчизняні виробники також спотрадалі. Їм складно продавати свою продукцію, коли люди купують все на міжнародному ринку. 

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Charity/Благодійність

Charity is quite popular nowadays. People have become more open and kind-hearted. On the whole, charity means voluntary giving of help to those who are in need. Charitable giving can include the act of giving money, goods, time, attention and kindness to the unfortunate. Most forms of charity mean providing basic items of necessity, such as food, water, clothing, shelter, healthcare and else. There are so many charitable organizations in the world today. They allow people to donate either directly or online, through websites. 

Charitable organizations also include orphanages, food banks, religious institutes and hospitals for the poor. Donating things you don’t use anymore is one of the forms of charity. Not everyone is lucky enough to have lots of toys or warm clothes for winter. Sometimes people simply can’t find the job to earn enough money. Others are sick, disabled or elderly and can’t get around on their own. These are the cases when charity helps. If everyone made charity a part of their life and helped those who are in need, the world would become a better place to live. Mother Teresa once said: “To truly give charity, you must be free of selfishness!” And, it’s true. 

The acts of charity come in many different forms. It you have ever helped to plant a garden or gave your jar of coins to someone who needs it more than you, then you already know what charity is. However, true charity doesn’t only mean giving out money and unwanted items to others. True charity starts with a kind word given by you to someone on a bad day, with a sincere smile and with love.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Благодійність є досить популярною в наші дни. Люди стали більш відкритими і добрими. В цілому, благодійність означає добровільне надання допомоги тим, хто її потребує. Благодійні пожертви можуть включати в себе акт дарування грошових коштів, товарів, часу, уваги і доброти до нещасного. Більшість форм благодійності означають надання основних предметів необхідності, наприклад, продуктів харчування, води, одягу, притулку, охорони здоров'я тощо У сучасному світі існує так багато благодійних організацій. Вони дозволяють людям жертвувати що-або безпосередньо, або в Інтернеті через вебсайти. 

До благодійних організацій належать дитячі будинки, продовольчі банки, релігійні інститути і лікарні для бідних. Пожертвування речі, які вам більше не потрібні, є однією з форм благодійництва. Не всім пощастило мати багато іграшок або теплий одяг на зиму. Іноді люди просто не можуть знайти роботу, щоб заробити достатньо грошей. Інші хворі, є інвалідами або літніми і не можуть все робити самі. Це ті випадки, коли благодійність допомагає. Якби все зробили благодійність частиною свого життя і допомагали б тим, хто потребує, то світ став би кращим місцем для життя. Мати Тереза ​​якось сказала: «Щоб по-справжньому творити благо, потрібно бути вільними від егоїзму!" І це правда. 

Благодійні акції мають багато різних форм. Якщо ви коли-небудь допомогли посадити город або дали свою скарбничку з грошима тому, хто потребує цьому більше, то ви вже знаєте, що таке благодійність. Тим не менш, справжнє милосердя означає не тільки віддачу грошей і непотрібних речей іншим людям. Істинна благодійність починається з доброго слова, сказаного вами комусь в поганий день, з щирої посмішки і любові 

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Poverty/Бідність

Poverty is one of the major problems in many countries of the world, especially those located in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In other words poverty is the absence of money for food, water, clothes, medical supplies, shelters and other necessary things for normal existence. Poverty is the root of many other social and economic problems, including unemployment, child labor, population and crime growth, etc. Some developing areas are even poorer than the others. 

There is a notion of extreme poverty and moderate poverty. Extreme poverty applies to places, where people earn just a dollar a day, while in conditions of moderate poverty they earn a couple of dollars a day. Some countries have a large population of the working poor. It means that people have jobs, but they are so low-paid that people can hardly afford to buy food for their families. Unemployed people in some developed countries get a special allowance from their governments, but this pay is often so low that they can’t cover most of the habitual expenses.

 Life in poor conditions can lead to many health problems. Every day people in developing countries die from different diseases, because they can’t afford to buy necessary medical supplies. In my opinion, governments of developed countries should pay more attention to the problem of poverty. The best way to help people in poverty is to educate them. This way they can learn about their rights and start contributing to their country’s economy. The country will also flourish if the majority of its people overcome poverty.

ПЕРЕКЛАД

Бідність є однією з основних проблем у багатьох країнах світу, особливо в тих, які розташовані в Африці, Азії та Латинській Америці. Інакше кажучи, бідність - це відсутність грошей на покупку їжі, води, одягу, медикаментів, даху над головою та інших необхідних речей для нормального існування. Бідність є коренем багатьох інших соціальних та економічних проблем, у тому числі безробіття, дитячої експлуатації, зростання населення і злочинності тощо. Деякі розвиваються райони біднішими, ніж інші. 

Існує поняття крайньої бідності і помірною. Крайня бідність відноситься до місць, де люди заробляють тільки долар в день, в той час як в умовах помірної бідності вони заробляють хоча б кілька доларів в день. У деяких країнах є велика кількість бідних людей з роботою. Це означає, що люди мають роботу, але настільки низькооплачувану, що люди не можуть дозволити собі купити їжу для своїх сімей. А в деяких розвинених країнах є безробітні, які отримують спеціальний посібник від уряду, але це плата теж настільки низька, що вони не можуть осилити більшу частину щоденних витрат. 

Життя в таких поганих умовах може призводити до багатьох проблем зі здоров'ям. Кожен день люди в країнах, що розвиваються вмирають від різних захворювань, тому що вони не можуть дозволити собі купити необхідні медикаменти. На мій погляд, уряди розвинених країн повинні приділяти більше уваги проблемі бідності. Кращий спосіб допомогти людям в умовах бідноти - це дати їм освіту. Таким чином, вони можуть дізнатися про свої права і почати вносити внесок в економіку своєї країни. Країна також буде процвітати, якщо більша частина її населення подолає бідність. 

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Youth Problems/проблеми молоді (варіант 3)

Youth is a beautiful time. The faces of young people, the young souls and young love – everything is beautiful. We can describe all the amazing attractions of this only period in life, which is usually remembered during all lifetime, but many youngsters say that their life is followed by numerous troubles. Really, there is no life without problems, but we can't make little account of youth problems.

Unfortunately, most of the problems are connected with family relations.
Moms and dads say that teenage rebels just growing up normal. Their parents said it, just as parents say it today.
"Damn kids these days". This phrase is the fad of the adults of all times.

To my mind, each new generation of kids receives negative reviews because of two entwined social dynamics: surliness and rebellion in youth; fear and loathing by parents, whose youth has passed them by.
It's called the generation gap, which pits the impertinence of youth against the attitudes of people over 30, who forget what a pain in the butt they were as kids.

If you look at history, youth has always looked bad from the adult perspective. Sometimes it's because they don't remember all the stupid, dangerous things they did as kids.
Adults always tend to glorify their own past. It explains the reason why they often look down their noses at the next generations. Basically, what these critical adults are saying is, "why can't these kids be like us." It is amazing, but every generation goes through this.
I'm deeply convinced tat if some parents are ready to write off the next generation, they should remember how they behaved as young teenagers and recognize rebellion as a sign of growing up.
But we should admit, there are some dangerous temptations of the youth and only parents can preserve their children from such social evil as alcohol, smoking and even early sex and killing oneself by using drugs.

For example, the former Soviet Union admitted that it had over 200,000 drug addicts. Because of this the government opened several special hospitals for these addicts. There's a big anti-drugs campaign in the country's schools too. Usually drugs come from several places including Western Europe and Afghanistan. Also, some addicts use glue or steal medical drugs from hospitals.
This problem is closely connected with gang-violence. As well as gangs of punks, rockers and hippies, there are ultra conservative gangs, too. They want to stop "the dangerous" influence of teenage culture in our country. But actually they follow the ideas of nationalism and even fascism.

One more acute problem for many young people is smoking. Millions of teenagers know it's bad for them, but they still do it. I think it is rather easy to withstand the influence of those who smoke. We should be simply strong enough to say "no".
Many people offer their way out. Some of them say that teenagers should not be let to the discos because of the danger of drugs; others say that young people should be given more money and more freedom, because everything that is forbidden astonishes.
But in my opinion, one thing is clear: after decades of silence in the Soviet Union we face a lot of urgent problem, which should be solved as soon as it is possible.

Повністю

Твір з англійської:Youth Problems/проблеми молоді (варіант 2)

What are the main youth problems? Everyone knows and at the same time noone knows. As sand through fingers - youth problems are always changing. Thirty years ago Johnny Rotten sang " Too many problems oh why am I here, I don't need to be me 'cos you're all too clear, well and I can see there's something wrong with you but what do you expect me to do?.. Problems, problems, the problem is YOU!" The idea of that punk styled song is simple clear. All our failures depend on us. Imagine your life without money, can you do that? No fancy clothes, no fashionable clubs, no entertainments, no troubles. Americans say "No mass - no fuss" in such case. Don't you think teenagers depend on money greatly? They are obsessed on their appearance, they need to be clothed fashionable and in modern style. Some of them, who are lacking money prefer to wear jeans and plain clothes, this is their way out. The fashion industry is based on some youth preferences, there is a kind of business in producing special clothes and accessories for teens, Kira Plastinina, for example. Young try to do their best in getting labeled and fancy stuff, they are really crazy about such things. External life may force out their spiritual life, and that are dangerous circumstances. In my point of view, young should pay more attention to their inside world, to develop their selves.

Another youth problem is mutual understanding in their families. It's hardly believable situation when a teen feel comfortable with his relatives, even in a tight-bonded family. Parents want them to be serious, to study hard and to think about their future, but rare senior could understand teen's tormented soul. In past life grown-ups were the same teens, but they don't remember that state. Our parents were bits, hippies, and they struggled for their personal independence, just like us! But things change, tastes grow differ and differ, and we can't understand each other, we lose the connection. If teens could obey they olds implicitly, that'll be very convenient for the last ones. Liberal seniors are absolute rarities, so teens have to look for common language with their parents in any case. We all know the moral disaster of being misunderstood. Try harder - and you'll make friends with your relatives. Sometimes young fall apart with their families and begin to take drugs, alcohol. That is not the reaction on the emotional environment, that is the reflection of tortured inside world. Drug addicts are spread all over the world, but in their majority they are young people. Junkies are used to hang on with the same disappointed people, sometimes they had to steal money or jewelry from their houses, to get the drug. It is obviously damaged way. Normally up-brought youth avoid junkies, and addicts could not find the way-out of their abusement.

There is the proverb which says " A word can kill, a word can save", everything is up to you and your attitude towards people. I don't believe we can't rescue people surrounding us. There are special rehabilitation centers for junkies, anonymous help is offered for people. So don't lose your chance to be safe and sound, to live long and unforgettable lives, and one day you'll be thanked for your compassion paid to drowned people. "Life is very short, there is no time for fussing and fighting my friend" (Paul Mc Cartney )

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Твір з англійської:Youth Problems/проблеми молоді (варіант 2)

Today it is fashionable to speak about teenage broblems. A few years ago alcohol, fights, murders and other kinds of violence were more problems of adults rather than young people.

But now, as official reports admit, violence, AIDS, drugs and alcohol are more and more associated with youngest. For many children from poor families violence, drinking problems and all that is associated with powerty becomes more and more real.

The Government surveys show that every fifth teenager who was arrested for criminal actions, was younger that 14 and couldn't be sent to prison. Almost half of teenagers have an experience with drugs, alcohol and sex under age of 16. A lot of teenagers who have drug or alcohol addiction almost never believe that they are dependent. These things are often combined with family and school problems.

What has gone wrong? Some specialists explain that the changes of our society, the system of our life force young people to choose their own lifestyle. On the one hand, our society agrees that 15-17-years old people are old enough to be responsible for what they do and gives them quite a lot of freedom and rights. On the other hand, most adults think that teenagers are too young to be taken seriously. This misunderstaning has produced many problems. Actually, a lot of teenagers say that their parents let them do anything they want and are quite indifferent to their problems. Many teenagers get upset or depressed when they can't solve their problems. As a result, it makes them believe that there is only one way out - to stop living and commit suicide.

No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should feeel that they are cared about

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Твір з англійської:Workaholism/Трудоголізм

For many people, fact about workaholism are not clear. What is workaholism, exactly? When should a person seek help about his problem related to his job. Workaholism is the same kind of addiction, like alcoholism. Most often, workaholism in its severe from could be observed. They have always been getters, and for modem workaholics it is a good argument to justify themselves. For smart people it is easier to become a workaholic, because physical labor can not last long. For example, modern workaholics are the majority of computer geeks. These people, suffering from this particular from of addiction, have a special warehouse mentality. According to most physicians, these people are always restless about themselves. The problem of workaholism is that the line between hard work and this disease is difficult to draw. A workaholic usually leaves work later, much later than the other workers. Most likely it seems to us we don't depend on workaholics but if his boss sees his work and thinks that other workers can stay after work too. So he voluntarily or involuntarily pulls the staff in an uncomfortable situation for them. It should be noted that workaholics ore divided into several groups. In the first there are workaholics who work because they like it. In the second there are workaholics who work because they have to. There are those are engaged in useless activities, which nobody is interested in it simulates, filling avoid in his life.
I think that workaholism is curable, if a workaholic understands in time that he is a workaholic. That in his life, there are serious problems from which he frees to work, without deciding, but only adding to them. Likely workaholics need to learn to enjoy doing nothing. Spend a delicious lunch twice as longer than usual. Give yourself a break once a week. You can choose a distraction from work but what it could be family, religion, art, sport or embroidering a cross - it's up to you.

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Твір з англійської:Weddings/весілля

In the UK people get married either in a church or a registry office (a local government building). In the US people often get married in a house , a park, a hotel, or wedding chapel, as well as in a church. The traditional wedding, called a white wedding as the bride wears a white dress, takes place in a church.

The Main People at a Wedding

The bride is the woman who is getting married. Traditionally she wears a long white dress and a veil, and carries a bouquet of flowers. She also wears "something old, something new, something borrowed, and something blue" to bring her luck. The bridegroom (also called the groom) is the man who is getting married. He wears a suit, or something a tuxedo in the US, or a morning suit in the UK.

Before the Ceremony

It is considered bad luck if the bridegroom sees the bride on the morning of the wedding. The bridegroom arrives first at the church and waits at the altar with the best man. The best man is responsible for bringing the wedding ring, and there are many jokes about him loosing or forgetting it. The bride arrives at the church in a car with her father. There are often jokes about the bride being late, and the groom being very nervous as he waits and worries that she may not come.

The Ceremony

It is traditional for the bride's farther to give her away (to walk to the front of the church with her and formally give permission for her to marry). The bride and her farther walk slowly up to the aisle and the bridesmaids follow. When the bride and bridegroom are together at the altar, the priest begins the wedding service. He or she asks if there is anyone present who knows of any legal reason why the couple should not get married. Then the bride and groom exchange the traditional vows. It is sometimes possible to change the vows or even white your own. "I, Jane Smith, take thee, David Jones, to be my lawful wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forth, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish forsaking all others, until death do us part."

The couple then give each other a gold ring and say, "With this ring I thee wed" (I marry you).

At the end of the ceremony, the priest says, "I pronounce you man and wife," which means that they are officially married. The husband and wife then sign the register (the official record of their marriage).

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Твір з англійської:Toxicomania/токсикоманія

Such products as glue, butane gas, solvents are made on solvent base. That is why they can be used for sniffing and then receiving post effects of visual hallucinations.

Solvents are usually commercial products, like glue, nail polish remover, aerosols, gas lighter fuel and petrol, which give off a vapour. When the vapour is inhaled, it can make you feel light-headed, happy, dizzy. The effects can last up to an hour, depending on what, and how much was inhaled. Solvents are depressant drugs.

It is estimated that one of five young people in Britain have used solvents. It is the second most commonly used drug for this age group. Talking about our country, there is no exact statistics concerning this fact, but it is not a secret that the number of "sniffers" is growing and yet has reached a tremendous index. It happens, because such substances are the most available and cheap.

Because solvents are often sniffed from a plastic bag, sometimes covering the head, there is a risk of suffocation, if the user becomes unconscious.

Solvent use is extremely dangerous. Nobody knows exactly how many children die in our country, because of solvent addiction. For example, in Great Britain in 1999 thirty nine young people died as a direct result of inhaling butane lighter fluid. This is ten times more than die from Ecstasy.

In Great Britain it is prohibited to sell solvent-based products to children under 18s. It is illegal there. Here, in our country, there is no such legislation concerning this problem, which is becoming worse day after day

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Твір з англійської:The Question of Popularity/Питання про популярність

Every person has some particularities that make him unique. Everybody is talented in something, but not everyone can notice and improve the abilities. Moreover much less of them can become popular with their talent. But what is the main cause person became popular of?

In my opinion, all people who became famous have gone very difficult way to achieve respect and acclaim of public. No wonder that the richest of millioners were very poor at the beginning of their career but they weren't afraid of risk. It's very important not to give up and if you fall down 9 times you should rise 10 times only then you can achieve your aim.

One of the most common features of famous people it's the braveness to think differently from the opinion of the majority. Only strong and independent people can become popular.

In contrary to saying above I want to notice that even if a person has all these features, it is not a fact that this person becomes popular. One thing is necessary - it's fortune. To be in the right place in the right time – sometimes it plays a great role in the people's fade and can made them popular easy like wind changes.
There are lots of famous people in different fields of activity. But only the most talented brave and hard-working deserve to be famous with millions of people. I believe that popularity will belong only to people who really worth it.

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Твір з англійської:The problems of teenagers/Проблеми підлітків (варіант 3)

Our grandparents say that nowadays the younger generation has a more difficult life then they had. They explain it taking into consideration the change of the economic formation from the socialist to capitalist. They are also sure that the younger generation that is youth is not sure in its future. As for me I partially agree with them but I think that nowadays there are more possibilities and ways of development, more rights than before. Of course one should remember not only his rights but also duties. When a person is young he or she perceives the problems sharper, for teenagers nearly everything becomes a tragedy. Love, friendship, conflicts - these are all the things that go hand in hand with youth. Young people who are alike become friends, they spend time in their own companies share the same opinions, have common interests. Those who are different are very often in the state of a conflict, because they cannot control their emotions. Very often such "hot" boys set one group against the other and the conflict becomes serious. In big cities there are so-called cliques which dictate their own rules to all their members and they are very difficult to deal with. As for me I live in a small town of Maykop and I cannot say that my town's problems correspond to the big town's ones. As far as I know we do not have cliques and our youth is quite neutral to all the exotic changes in way of life and so on. I have a lot of friends. We share common interests, have the same hobbies and visit the same places. We are alike, we want to be students, have a funny life and get much pleasure out of it.

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Твір з англійської:The problems of teenagers/Проблеми підлітків (варіант 2)

There are many young people in our country. Each of them has his own point of view on his life and his future. There are many problems which are common for all young people. For example how to spend their free time, what to do after school, choosing a profession, how to deal with girl and boy-friends and so on. The problem number one of most of the young people is the problem of fathers and sons. All young people want to be independent, they want their parents to listen to their opinion, not to interfere in their private life. Some parents neglect their children, because they can't find a common language with each other. Many problems were hushed up, but now we can speak openly about them. I think that the most difficult and serious problem of modern teen-ages is drugs. Some young men take drugs, because they think that will be cool. But they don't understand, that it's wrong. Some of them can't stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. And they commit different crimes, because they need some money to buy drugs. There are also many other problems: alchoholism, smoking and so on. There are many youth organizations in our country, wich unite young men on different principles. Members of every organisation have their own world outlook. Each of them has his own moral qualities. There are some informal organizations, for example: skinheads, hippies, panks and so on. Now there is also the problem of misunderstanding beetwen different youth groups. We also face the problem of managing free time. We can do it in different ways. Some of teenagers spend their free time in different night clubs. Other young people spend their free time on the streets. As for me, I spend my free time at home or in night clubs. I also have some problems with my parents. But every time then i have them I try to slove them without quarrel. We are young people and we are the future of our country. Teenagers play an important role in the modern society. Grownups must remember that we are the future of our country and in present moment our character is only being formed and that's why our parents must not assert pressure on us.

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Твір з англійської:The problems of teenagers/Проблеми підлітків

Youth today has a lot of really difficult problems to solve. The first problem is education. Today, when the education is not free, the parents must pay money if they want their children to have higher education. Many teenagers have to work but it is difficult for them to find a job. Only skilled specialists are needed everywhere, so teenagers become unemployed. They want to earn their own money, that's why some of them become robbers, thieves and murderers. Teenagers want to work as waiters, barmen, sellers and etc. As a rule most of the teenagers don't read serious classical literature. The biggest problem for youth is alcohol, drugs, smoking. A person, taking drugs or driknimg alcohol, loses his will, he brings suffering to his members of the family. The next problem is sex. There are a lot of dangerous diseases. One of them is AIDS. There is no medicine to treat it. Do you know that every year three million people die of smoking? Do you know that your life is 25% shorter if you smoke? But in Russia more than 76% of poplation smokes. If you want to be healthy and strong you should give up your bad habits. As for me I have no problems with it.

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Твір з англійської:The Problem of Smoking/Проблема куріння

Smoking is the shortest way to bad health. Today half of the men and a quarter of the women in the world smoke.Some people think that there is not much sense in refraining from smoking, since the inhabitants of many cities and even villages breathe air contaminated with industrial and automobile wastes. They are very wrong. Vehicle exhaust gases are harmful in themselves, but a smoking driver is subject to something far more dangerous.

Take another example: according to the WHO (World Health Organisation) figures, the risk rate is higher among smoking workers of the heavy engineering, chemical, ceramic, mining, building, cement and rubber industries.

The harm of tobacco smoke for women should be especially emphasized. In particular, smoking may affect the course of pregnancy. Smoking women may bring into the world crippled or abnormal children.

The evidence that exposure to other people's smoke is dangerous to health is now incontrovertible. The exposure to passive smoking is a serious health risk to non-smokers, increasing their chance of contracting lung cancer and heart disease. The degree of risk depends on the extent and duration of exposure. Particularly there is a high risk among workers in the hospitality industries (bar staff, casino workers and other employees in workplaces where smoking is routine). It is estimated that passive smoking causes one premature death a week.

In the past few years some measures have been taken to reduce smoking. There has been a growing awareness of the dangers of smoking throughout the world. The anti-smoking campaigns launched in a number of countries have brought about extensive public censure of this harmful habit and a decrease in the number of smokers among some groups of the population.

In our country the campaign to beat the cigarette habit has acquired a purposeful nature. Special legislative, medical and educational measures are being worked out. Instructions forbid smoking among schoolchildren. Lessons on the harm of smoking have been included in courses of the anatomy, physiology and hygiene, the sale of cigarettes to minors is prohibited. Warnings against the harm of smoking are printed on packets of cigarette brands.

The ministries of railways, civil aviation, merchant marine and culture have worked out and now implement measures for regulating, limiting and restricting smoking in long-distance and suburban trains, planes, on sea vessels, in theatres, clubs, etc.

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Твір з англійської:The Only Child in a Family/Єдина дитина в сім'ї

I'm the only child in the family and I like it. Of course I'm spoilt a little but it doesn't disturb me.The attention is all mine, consequently I'm the apple of my parent's eyes. I feel lucky, and my friends are jealous because of my single state, particularly because I don't have to share a bedroom. It's an advantage. You get undivided attention from your parents. Being alone made me close to animals but it also made me quite demanding. If you don't have sisters or brothers you need friends and so I tried hard to make them, I am good at making them still and such experience is very useful nowadays.

It may be true that an only child is spoilt, but, believe me, there are occasions on which you wish there was a brother or sister to share problems, but when you solve you problems yourself you tend to become strong and rational person, and it's better to spend more time in the company of adults than with your contemporaries.I've seen a lot of big families where were two or more children in a family and most of my friends have brothers or sisters. And I didn't make up my mind and think that it's better to be the only child then the other way round. I suppose that only people who have a good financial situation or are rich can afford more than one child. Cause in the other way they'll make a great mistake.

Most of specialists suppose that only in a family with one child a real leader can be born and educate.In the former situation parents usually believe in his possibilities, praise him for small successes and reward his good deeds. Thus he becomes self-centered and conceited. He is greedy for money.

In the latter situation parents are overprotective, underestimating their child's skills and talents and often criticizing his efforts to be independent. Thus he is not sure of his real value.

His start into adult life seems to be easier when we take into consideration welfare, comfort and living standards. But from the point of view of maturity his start is more difficult as he becomes independent later than his friends of the same age and sometimes cannot solve simple problems at work because so far his parents have always done it for him.

Responsible parents should know that family is the first little community where the personality of a child develops and if there are more than three in the family the children can learn in a more natural and easy way how to cope with every day problems and learn to compromise in an argument, as well as understand others and love them. It is much more difficult to bring up the only child as the process of teaching him the terms of living in a society is rather artificial. In their books, educational films, and therapy meetings, psychologists give a lot of positive evidence that multi-children families provide a better psychological and socially healthier environment for development.

The parents' effort to rear their children is rewarded when the children grow up. And when the parents are old it is impossible to be forgotten – form the bunch of kids there is at least one or two who will always remember to hasten with assistance to their loving parents.

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Твір з англійської:The Council of Europe/Рада Європи

Not long ago Russia became a member of the Council of Europe. And what does the term "The Council of Europe" mean?

For over 50 years the Council of Europe has been working to build a Europe United on the basis of freedom and democracy, human rights and the rule of law.The Council was set up by ten west European states. Since then the European landscape has changed, and today the great majority of European countries belong to go to the Organization.

How the Council of Europe works. The Committee of Ministers comprises the foreign ministers of the 34 members states, it meets twice a year in ordinary session and may also held special or informal meetings. The Minister's Deputies meet every month. The Committee of Ministers also serves as a permanent forum of discuss European co-operation and common political problems.

The Parliamentary Assembly comprises 239 representatives. The Parliamentary Assembly meets in full session four times a year.By debating problems of modern society and making recommendations to the Committee of Ministers, it is the starting point for many of the Council of Europe's activities. The Parliamentary Assembly has created a "special guest" scheme to welcome representatives of non-member states from central and eastern Europe and designed to prepare them for full membership of the Organization.

The Council works to harmonize policies and adopt common standards practices in member states. It operates by bringing, at different levels, parliamentarias, ministers, government experts, local and regional representatives, youth associations and INGOs (international non-governmental organizations) to pool their knowledge and experience.

There have been adopted over 155 European conventions. Subjects range from the protection of computerized data, violence at sporting events and nature conservation, to mass media, cultural co-operation and the prevention of torture. The activities carried out in the Council of Europe affect all our lives.What are European symbols. The European Flag was chosen by the Council of Europe in 1955. It is composed of a circle of 12 gold stars on a blue black ground. The number of stars is invariable, 12 begin the symbol of perfection.

The European Anthem, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1972, is a musical arrangement by Herbert von Karajam of the Prelude to the Ode to Joy from Beethoven 9th Symphony.

Europe Day, which has been celebrated since 1964 on 5 May, aims to involve Europe's citizens more fully in the process of European unification.

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Твір з англійської:The Causes of Heart Diseas/Причини хвороби серця

Heart disease affects so many people that it has become a serious concern for medical science. The heart is a complex organ that is vulnerable to hereditary as well as environmental risks. Scientists identified a number of risk factors associated with heart disease. They grouped these risk factors into major and minor causes.
Major causes are those that have been proven to increase your risk of heart disease. One of the major risk factors is high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke because the heart to work too hard and can damage arteries. Another major cause is high blood cholesterol levels. It is so dangerous because fatty deposits build up in blood vessels and make at greater risk of having a heart attack. Extra cholesterol enters the human body when they eat foods that come from animals (meats, eggs, and dairy products). The leading cause in this group is diabetes. The American Heart Association estimates that 65% of patients with diabetes die of some form of heart disease.
Minor causes are those that some doctor think can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, but their exact role has not been defined. The leader in this group is obesity. Extra weight and poor diet increases chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes. Next cause is having a sedentary lifestyle. Cubicle and home life on the couch is not conducive to health. Exercise burns calories, helps to control cholesterol levels and diabetes, and may lower blood pressure. Exercise also strengthens the heart muscle and makes the arteries more flexible. And third cause is having a Type A personality. It means the person becoming easily stressed, being overly competitive, aggressive, and intense. Stressful situations raise heart rate and blood pressure.
It is never too late or too early begins improving heart health. Some risk factors can be controlled, while others cannot. But, by eliminating risk factors that can change and by properly managing those that cannot control, may greatly reduce risk of heart disease.

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Твір з англійської:The American Dream/Американська мрія

Few terms are defined in so many different ways or bandied about more loosely than "the American Dream." To some people, the term is a joke, an object of satire, derision, or contempt, and a made-in-America label for a congeries of chauvinistic cliches mouthed by jingoists. To others, it merely signifies self-determined success, wealth, the "good life" of modish clothes, sports cars, and hot tubs - in a word, the latest thing touted by Madison Avenue. And to still others, less scornful or frivolous, it denotes a unique set of social and moral ideals.

The phrase "the American Dream" came into the American vocabulary starting in 1867 when writer, Horatio Alger came out with his book "Ragged Dick." It was a rags-to-riches tale of a poor orphan boy in New York City who saves his pennies, works hard and eventually becomes rich. It became the model that through honesty, hard work and strong determination, the American Dream was available to anyone willing to make the journey.The origin of the American dream stems from the departure in government and economics from the models of the Old World. This allowed unprecedented freedom, especially the possibility of dramatic upward social mobility.

Many early Americans prospectors headed west of the Rocky Mountains to buy acres of cheap land in hopes of finding deposits of gold. The American dream was a driving factor not only in the Gold Rush of the mid to late 1800s, but also in the waves of immigration throughout that century and the following.Impoverished western Europeans escaping the Irish potato famines in Ireland, the Highland clearances in Scotland and the aftermath of Napoleon in the rest of Europe came to America to escape a poor quality of life at home. They wanted to embrace the promise of financial security and constitutional freedom they had heard existed so widely in the United States.

Nearing the twentieth century, major industrialist personalities became the new model of the American dream, many beginning lives in the humblest of conditions but later controlling enormous corporations and fortunes. Perhaps most notables here were the great American capitalists Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.

The key difference here from the Old World societal structure is that the antiquated monarchies of Western Europe and their post-feudal economies actively oppressed the peasant class. They also required high levels of taxation, which crippled development. People who were consciously free of these constraints, however, built America.

There was a hope for egalitarianism. Martin Luther King invoked the American Dream in what is perhaps his most famous speech:

"Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream." (I have a dream)

In the 20th century, the American dream had its challenges. The Depression caused widespread hardship during the Twenties and Thirties, and was almost a reverse of the dream for those directly affected. Racial instability did not disappear, and in some parts of the country racial violence was almost commonplace.Since the end of World War II, young American families have sought to live in relative bourgeois comfort in the suburbs that they built up. The possibility of great wealth has remained more of a distant dream in the recent century, while the widely held goal of home ownership, financial security, and civil and international stability have come to take the place of the common American dream in modern times.

The basic capitalistic virtues of hard work, intelligence and independence had been seen as the means to achieving this 'final' incarnation of the American dream.

A skeptical view would say that the American dream was built on aggressive colonialism. The Civil War to promote Liberty could be seen to be undermined by the earlier displacement, dispossession and slaughter of the original inhabitants of the land: this amounts to genocide on a par with that which many immigrants came to these shores to escape.

Other critics point out the falsity of the implied view that everyone can succeed and become rich if they only try hard enough. This view, it is said, penalizes people who are poor and already penalized, and does not take into account individual levels of ability and potential.

It is true that for most people the American Dream is a pursuit of material prosperity. But actually, to find out what your American Dream is you should find what you love. When you find what you love and fit it into your life (or better yet, fit your life around it), then you have found your personal dream, your own piece of the American Dream.

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